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Intro To Psych > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is memory?

A

Memory is recalling past events and information by means of encoding storage and retrieval

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2
Q

What is encoding?

A

Putting info into a form of the brain can understand and getting it into memory

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3
Q

What is automatic processing?

A

Type of encoding where you automatically remember something with no effort

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4
Q

What is effortful processing?

A

Encoding where you have to work to memorize something

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5
Q

What are the two main theories of how memory works

A

Information processing theory and parallel distributed theory

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6
Q

What is info-processing theory?

A

Info is stored and retrieved piece by piece and moves among 3 memory storage during encoding storage and retrieval

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7
Q

What are the 3 storage units of info-processing theory

A

Sensory memory > working memory > long term memory

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8
Q

What are the two types of long term memory

A

Implicit: unconscious
Explicit: conscious

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9
Q

How long can we hold sensory memory?

A

1/2 seconds

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10
Q

How long can we hold info in working memory

A

5-9 items for 30 seconds

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11
Q

What are the two types of explicit memory

A

Semantic: factual and episodic: personal events

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12
Q

Is classically conditioned memories implicit or explicit long term storage?

A

Implicit

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13
Q

What are the three best methods of encoding

A

Meaning, elaboration and mnemonic

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways we can retrieve info?

A

Retrieval cues, context effects, priming

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15
Q

What is priming?

A

One piece of info that helps us retrieve other related memories

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16
Q

In a lecture, what information may we remember the best

A

Info from the beginning and info learned at the end

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17
Q

Why might we do better on an exam where you learned the material?

A

Because of context effects, stimuli in the room might trigger a memory

18
Q

What are strategies of encoding info?

A

Spaced rehearsal: learning little bits over long periods
Organizing info

19
Q

What are ways we can organize info

A

Chunking, the PQRST methods, use schemas

20
Q

What does PQRST stand for

A

Preview, question, read, state, and test

21
Q

What is parallel distributed theory?

A

Memories are stored as part of a large integrated web of info and represented in the brain as a patten of activity

22
Q

Where does information processing theory originate from

A

In Early computer science

23
Q

What is visual sensory memory also called?

A

Iconic memory

24
Q

When was the idea of short term memory developed

A

1968 by Atkinson and shiffrin

25
Q

What did baddeley and hitch propose in 1974

A

Working memory and alternative made to short term memory

26
Q

What are the three systems within working memory?

A

Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial notepad (episodic buffer)

27
Q

What subsystem was added in 2000 by baddeley?

A

Episodic buffer; links together info from other parts of working memory and also creates a link to time and order as well as to long term memory

28
Q

What is the phonological loop

A

Processes spoken and written info

29
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A

Keeps track of images and spatial locations

30
Q

What did George sperling contribute to sensory memory in 1950/1960

A

When participants were flashed w/ a selection of letters, they could repeat it back perfectly if they said it immediately, but any later then a second and their performance declined

31
Q

When was rehearsal first practiced

A

As far back as 400 BC

32
Q

What are some flaws to phonological and visual code?

A

Confuse words or other visual items

33
Q

What are mnemonic devices?

A

Cognitive techniques that impose meaning on various pieces of info.

34
Q

What are schemas?

A

Knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experience or other knowledge bases

35
Q

Why are we we likely to remember the first few pieces of we receive in a lecture?

A

Because of the primacy effect

36
Q

What are examples of implicit memory

A

Motor habits, conditioned responses to stimuli and activated memories influenced by previous events

37
Q

What are the 3 factors that contribute to memory distortion

A

Source misinterpretations, misinformation, imagination

38
Q

What is an anterograde memory disorder

A

Can’t form new memories

39
Q

What is an amnesiac disorder

A

Memory loss

40
Q

What is a retrograde memory disorder

A

Can’t remember things before amnesia

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