Memory Flashcards
What is memory?
Memory is recalling past events and information by means of encoding storage and retrieval
What is encoding?
Putting info into a form of the brain can understand and getting it into memory
What is automatic processing?
Type of encoding where you automatically remember something with no effort
What is effortful processing?
Encoding where you have to work to memorize something
What are the two main theories of how memory works
Information processing theory and parallel distributed theory
What is info-processing theory?
Info is stored and retrieved piece by piece and moves among 3 memory storage during encoding storage and retrieval
What are the 3 storage units of info-processing theory
Sensory memory > working memory > long term memory
What are the two types of long term memory
Implicit: unconscious
Explicit: conscious
How long can we hold sensory memory?
1/2 seconds
How long can we hold info in working memory
5-9 items for 30 seconds
What are the two types of explicit memory
Semantic: factual and episodic: personal events
Is classically conditioned memories implicit or explicit long term storage?
Implicit
What are the three best methods of encoding
Meaning, elaboration and mnemonic
What are the 3 ways we can retrieve info?
Retrieval cues, context effects, priming
What is priming?
One piece of info that helps us retrieve other related memories
In a lecture, what information may we remember the best
Info from the beginning and info learned at the end
Why might we do better on an exam where you learned the material?
Because of context effects, stimuli in the room might trigger a memory
What are strategies of encoding info?
Spaced rehearsal: learning little bits over long periods
Organizing info
What are ways we can organize info
Chunking, the PQRST methods, use schemas
What does PQRST stand for
Preview, question, read, state, and test
What is parallel distributed theory?
Memories are stored as part of a large integrated web of info and represented in the brain as a patten of activity
Where does information processing theory originate from
In Early computer science
What is visual sensory memory also called?
Iconic memory
When was the idea of short term memory developed
1968 by Atkinson and shiffrin
What did baddeley and hitch propose in 1974
Working memory and alternative made to short term memory
What are the three systems within working memory?
Central executive, phonological loop, visuospatial notepad (episodic buffer)
What subsystem was added in 2000 by baddeley?
Episodic buffer; links together info from other parts of working memory and also creates a link to time and order as well as to long term memory
What is the phonological loop
Processes spoken and written info
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Keeps track of images and spatial locations
What did George sperling contribute to sensory memory in 1950/1960
When participants were flashed w/ a selection of letters, they could repeat it back perfectly if they said it immediately, but any later then a second and their performance declined
When was rehearsal first practiced
As far back as 400 BC
What are some flaws to phonological and visual code?
Confuse words or other visual items
What are mnemonic devices?
Cognitive techniques that impose meaning on various pieces of info.
What are schemas?
Knowledge bases that we develop based on prior exposure to similar experience or other knowledge bases
Why are we we likely to remember the first few pieces of we receive in a lecture?
Because of the primacy effect
What are examples of implicit memory
Motor habits, conditioned responses to stimuli and activated memories influenced by previous events
What are the 3 factors that contribute to memory distortion
Source misinterpretations, misinformation, imagination
What is an anterograde memory disorder
Can’t form new memories
What is an amnesiac disorder
Memory loss
What is a retrograde memory disorder
Can’t remember things before amnesia
