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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social psychology

A

Seeks to understand, explain and predict how peoples thoughts, feelings and behaviours are influenced by the actual, imagined or implied presence of others

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2
Q

Who said “It is not so much the kind of person a man is, as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act.”

A

Milgram 2004

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3
Q

What is social cognition

A

How people perceive, interpret and categorize their own and others social behaviours

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4
Q

What are attitudes

A

Relatively stable and enduring evaluations of things and people

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5
Q

What model do we use to interpret attitudes

A

ABC model: affective component (how we feel), behavioural component, and cognitive component (what we believe)

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6
Q

What 2 theories explain why Our attitudes change

A

Cognitive dissonance and self perception theory

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7
Q

What is cognitive dissonance

A

Emotional discomfort as a result of holding contradictory beliefs or holding a belief that contradicts behaviour ~ we change our beliefs to justify our actions

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8
Q

What is self-perception theory

A

When uncertain, we infer what our attitudes are by observing our own behaviour

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9
Q

What is attitude specificity

A

The more specific an attitude, the more likely it is to predict behaviour

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10
Q

What is attitude strength

A

Stronger attitudes predict behaviour more accurately than weak or vague attitudes

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11
Q

What 2 factors determine how much attitude will effect behaviour

A

Attitude specificity and attitude strength

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12
Q

What is social desirability

A

Attitudes that mirror what we think others desire in a person

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13
Q

What is implicit attitude

A

An attitude of which the person is unaware

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14
Q

What are stereotypes

A

Generalized impressions based on social categories

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15
Q

What is prejudice

A

Negative stereotypical attitudes toward all members of a group

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16
Q

What contributes to stereotypes and prejudice

A

Categorize based on similarities, evolutionary perspective, realist conflict theory and social identity theory

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17
Q

What is evolutionary perspective

A

Stereotypes and prejudice may have had some adaptive value

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18
Q

What is realistic conflict theory

A

Amount of actual conflict between groups determines the amount of prejudice and tension between groups

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19
Q

What is social identity theory

A

Emphasizes social cognitive factors in the onset of prejudice~ social categorization, social identity, social comparison

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20
Q

What is the central route to persuasion

A

Focuses on content, factual info and logic to change attitudes

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21
Q

What is the peripheral route to persuasion

A

Focus on superficial information to change attitudes (attractiveness)

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22
Q

What are a few persuasion strategies

A

Source: is knowledgeable, relatable and likeble
Foot in the door: get them to agree to something small so they agree to something larger later
Door in the face: ask for something very big knowing you will get turned down, but then ask for the smaller item you really wanted
Appeals to fear: ads make it seem like something bad will happen

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23
Q

What are attributions?

A

Casual explanations of behaviour

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24
Q

What are dispositional/ internal attributions

A

The behaviour was caused because of the person

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25
Q

What are situational/external attributions

A

The behaviour was caused by situation ~ we tend to rely on situational attributions when explaining our own behaviour

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26
Q

Explain fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency to use dispositional attributions to explain the behaviour of other people

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27
Q

What is the actor - observer effect

A

We tend to make situational attributions about our own behaviour and personal attributions about the behaviour of others.

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28
Q

What are exceptions to the actor observer effect

A

Self-serving bias - tendency to attribute successes to dispositional causes and failures to situational causes

When don’t we attribute others’ behaviour to their disposition but rather to their situation?

When don’t we attribute our behaviour to our situation vs. our disposition?

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29
Q

What are norms

A

Social rules about how members of a society are expected to act

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30
Q

What are social roles

A

A set of norms ascribed to a persons social position

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31
Q

Define descriptive norms

A

Agreed on expectations about what members of a group do

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32
Q

Define injunctive norms

A

Agreed on expectations about what members of a group ought to do

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33
Q

What is conformity

A

The tendency to yield to social pressure

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34
Q

What did the asch studies reveal

A

Conformity effect is not strong when group size is less than 4 members

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35
Q

What is obedience

A

The act of following direct commands, usually given by an authority figure

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36
Q

What are factors that reduce obedience

A

Salience of a victims suffering, proximity or closeness to the victim, responsibility, modeling a non obedient person

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37
Q

When are additive tasks tackled most productively

A

When the group size increases

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38
Q

What rates the productivity of conjunctive tasks

A

The group is only as productive as its weakest member

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39
Q

What rates the productivity of a disjunctive task

A

The strongest member as these tasks require one solution

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40
Q

What are divisible tasks

A

Simultaneous performance of several tasks

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41
Q

What is social facilitation

A

Improvement in performance because others are present (both physical and mental tasks)

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42
Q

What is group polarization

A

Initial attitudes become more intense with group interaction

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43
Q

What is altruism

A

Self sacrificing behaviour carried out for the benefit of others

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44
Q

What is the bystander effect (apathy)

A

The more people present, the likely any one person will attempt to help

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45
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility

A

we are less likely to assist in a large group because responsibility to help is shared

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46
Q

What are the 3 levels of attraction

A

Cognitive, affective, behavioural

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47
Q

What are 5 factors to liking

A

Similarity, Proximity, self disclosure, situational factors, physical attractiveness

48
Q

What as the stages of a loving relationship

A

Exploration stage - the partners try out the possible rewards and costs of a relationship

Bargaining stage - they implicitly negotiate the terms of the relationship

Institutionalization stage - shared expectations emerge and the relationship is exclusive

49
Q

What are the 3 types of relationships

A

Secure attachment - are comfortable, do not fear becoming too close or being abandoned; 53% of adults

Avoidant - uncomfortable, have difficulty trusting others; 26% of adults

Anxious-ambivalent - insecure and worry that their partners do not really love them and will leave; 20% of adults

50
Q

What is stress

A

Response to a situation that threatens or appears to threaten ones sense of well being

51
Q

What is a way we can measure stress

A

Social readjustment rating scale (srrs): assigns life change units to various events that can occur in ones life

52
Q

What is the tend and befriend response

A

Females are more likely to have extensive and well-maintained social networks than are males and take support from social connections and friendships when coping with stressful events

53
Q

What is the General adaptation syndrome (gas)

A

1) Alarm
Body’s reaction to initial exposure to stressor (fight-or-flight)
2) Resistance
Body’s attempt to stabilize if stressor continues
May result in vulnerability to disease
3) Exhaustion
Further exposure to stressor depletes energy and resistance

54
Q

What is the cognitive response to stress

A

Primary appraisal
•appraisal of stressor (how big a stressor is it)

Secondary appraisal
•appraisal of resources and one’s ability to deal with stresso

55
Q

What are 4 styles of dealing with stress

A

•Optimistic Explanatory Styles

•Pessimistic Explanatory Styles

•Optimistic Brand of Pessimism

•Defensive Pessimists

56
Q

What are the 3 personalities of dealing with stress

A

Hardy, or stress-resistant personality - welcome challenges, take control, view stressors as growth opportunities

Type A personality - style resulting in continual stress
Personality traits: competitive, impatient, angry, hostile

Type B - experience lower levels of stress
Personality traits: more relaxed, less aggressive, less hostile

57
Q

What is psychoneuroinmunology

A

Studies links between stress, the immune system and health

58
Q

When is stress a good thing

A

Eustress - optimal stress level
Promotes physical and psychological health

Inoculation - dealing with small levels of stress to improve functioning in increasingly stressful situations

59
Q

What is PTSD

A

Anxiety disorder in response to a traumatic event

60
Q

What are symptoms of PTSD

A

1) Memories, dreams, or nightmares about event
2) Avoid activities, thoughts, feelings, conversations that are reminders of the event
3) Depression, anxiety, guilt, fear, helplessness
4) Sleep problems; may feel detached from others

61
Q

What are the 4 classifying factors of abnormal psychology

A

Deviance, distress, dysfunction, danger

62
Q

What is the international classification of diseases

A

System used by most countries to classify psychological disorders; published by the World Health Organization and currently in its tenth edition

63
Q

What is the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

A

Manual used to diagnose mental disorders in North America. Provides a categorical list of symptoms for all 400 mental disorders

64
Q

What is the neuroscience model of looking at abnormal psychology

A

Genetic inheritance, hyper/hypo neurotransmitters, viral infection, hormones, brain structure abnormality

65
Q

What is the cognitive behavioural model of abnormal psych

A

Disorders as result of learned behaviour, and conditioning

66
Q

What is major depressive disorder

A

a disorder characterized by a depressed mood that is significantly disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition

67
Q

What are anxiety disorders

A

Disabling levels of fear or anxiety that are frequent, severe, persistent, or easily triggered

Most people with one anxiety disorder experience another one as well

68
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder

A

Anxiety under most life circumstances; diffuse worry
•Restlessness, edginess, easily tired
-Difficulty concentrating
•Sleep problems

69
Q

What percentage of people develop social anxiety disorder

A

7.1%

70
Q

Who is more likely to develop social anxiety disorder and PTSD - woman or men?

A

Woman

71
Q

How many Canadians suffer from at least one phobia in Canada

A

7.7%

72
Q

What is OCD

A

Persistent unwanted thoughts and repetitive ridged behaviours

73
Q

What are some explanations for OCD

A

Low seritorin, overactive brain, learning that compulsions relieve distress

74
Q

What are some explanations to generalized anxiety disorder

A

Malfunctioning GABA feedback system, intolerance of uncertainty theory

75
Q

What is acute stress disorder

A

Lasts less than a month and begins within 4 weeks of the event

76
Q

What is the timeline of PTSD

A

lasts more than a month, may begin shortly after or years after the event

77
Q

What may cause PTSD

A

Experiences, increase cortisol and norepinephrine, damaged hippocampus or amygdala

78
Q

What are the psychomotor symptoms of schizophrenia

A

•Strange movements
•Catatonia - extreme psychomotor symptoms
•Stupor
•Rigidity
•Posturing
•Waxy flexibility

79
Q

What are some explanations to schizophrenia

A

Genetic predisposition, excessive dopamine, small temporal lobes and frontal lobes, structural abnormalities of hippocampus amygdala and thalamus

80
Q

What is somatic symptom disorder

A

excessive thought, feelings, and behaviours related to somatic symptoms; health related anxiety

81
Q

What are 3 essential features of all therapies

A

1) a sufferer who seeks help
2) a trained socially accepted healer
3) series of contacts with the goal of changing attitudes emotional states or behaviours

82
Q

How many North Americans seek therapy per year

A

20 million

83
Q

What is the Canadian mental health act

A

Outlines patient rights and conditions for involuntary admittance to hospitals

84
Q

What are the 4 major types of psychotropic drugs

A

Antianxiety drugs, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics

85
Q

What is electroconvulsive therapy (ect)

A

Used to treat depression by sending an electrical current through the brain, producing a brain seizure

86
Q

What is vagus nerve stimulation

A

Electrical impulse sent through the vagus nerve to the brain help reduce depression implanted under the skin

87
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

Non invasive -sends electrical current into the prefrontal cortex to reduce depression

88
Q

What is the name of the 5 100 year old treatment that drilled a hole into the skull

A

Trephining ~ releases evil spirits

89
Q

What are some pros to biological treatment

A

bring relief when other approaches have failed

Research offers promising options

90
Q

What are some criticisms to biological treatment

A

• Undesirable side effects
• Does not consider interaction between biological and non-
biological factors such as environment and experience

91
Q

What are a few types of psychodynamic therapies

A

Psychoanalysis, short term psychodynamic therapy, relational psychoanalytic therapy

92
Q

What does psychodynamic therapy focus on

A

Past emotional trauma

93
Q

What is free association

A

Discussions initiated by client with therapist probing to uncover relevant unconscious events

94
Q

What are the therapist interpretations from free association

A

Resistance: block free associations or change in subject

Transference:shift feelings for figures from childhood to therapist

95
Q

What is catharsis

A

Reliving of past repressed feelings to resolve conflicts~ accompanied by intellectual insight

96
Q

What is the psychodynamic technique of working through

A

Repeatedly examine an issue to improve clarity

97
Q

What are the strengths of the psychodynamic approaches

A

• First practitioners to demonstrate the value of systematically applying
both theory and techniques to treatment
• First to suggest the potential of psychological instead of biological
treatment
• Their ideas have served as a starting point for many other psychological
treatments

98
Q

What are criticisms to psychodynamic approaches

A

Effectiveness not supported by research

99
Q

What is behavioural therapies

A

Abnormal behaviour is learned in the same way adaptive behaviours arelearned

100
Q

What is the goal of behavioural therapies

A

Discover specific problem causing behaviours and replace them with healthy behaviours- often effective with phobias or anxiety

101
Q

What are modelling techniques

A

Therapists exhibit appropriate behaviours so client can imitate, rehearse, and incorporate the behaviours into their lives

102
Q

What are strengths to behavioural approaches

A

Widely studied in research and strongly supported, effective for numerous problems

103
Q

What are cons to behavioural approaches or therapy

A

Changes sometimes require later therapies to sustain, not effective w/ generalized anxiety

104
Q

What are the major therapy approaches

A

Behavioural, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioural, humanistic

105
Q

What is Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy

A

goal is to identify irrational assumptions that lead to disordered emotional and behavioural responses

106
Q

What are the 4 steps of Ellis’s rational-emotive therapy

A

1) Point out irrational assumptions
2) Model the use of alternative assumptions
3) Uses cognitive restructuring
4) Effective for anxiety and assertiveness problems

107
Q

What is Becks cognitive therapy

A

Widely used for depression- identify negative thoughts and guide them to apply alternative ways of thinking

108
Q

What are strengths to cognitive behavioural therapies

A

Well supported by research-good for treating depression, generalized and social anxiety, panic disorder

109
Q

What are criticisms of cognitive-behavioural therapy

A

Role of cognition is unclear

110
Q

What are humanistic and existential therapies

A

Attempt to bring out full potential

111
Q

What do existentialists believe

A

accept responsibility for our lives and choices
Emphasize present events, focus on helping clients see themselves accurately and acceptingly

112
Q

How does gestalt therapy work

A

guide clients toward self-acceptance by challenging and frustrating them

113
Q

What are strengths of humanistic approaches of therapy

A

Appealing to clinicians, emphasize positive human qualities

114
Q

What are criticisms to humanistic therapy

A

Difficult to research

115
Q

Are particular therapies effective for particular problems?

A

•Behavioural: phobias
•Cognitive-behavioural: social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, and depression
•Drug: schizophrenia and bipolar

Intro To Psych (7 decks)

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