Learning Flashcards
What is learning
Lasting change caused by experience, inferred from behau.our
What is non associative learning
Does not involve forming associations between stimuli
What is an example of non associative learning
Being able to sleep through night traffic a month after you moved into your new home
What is habituation
Non associative learning in which repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a reduction of a response
What is dishabituation
Form of non-assosiative learning whereby there is a recovery of attention to a novel stimulus
What is sensitization
Form of non associative learning whereby a strong stimulus results in an exaggerated response to the subsequent presentation of a weaker stimuli
What is associative learning
Involves association between stimuli
Who invented classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
What was Pavlov originally studying when he accidentally discovered classical conditioning
Digestive system and salvation in dogs
What is classical conditioning
Associative learning between 2 previously unrelated stimuli that results in a learned response
What is stimulus generalization
What occurs when stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus triggers the same conditioned response
What is stimulus discrimination
Occurs when an organism learns to emit a specific behaviour in the presence of a conditioned stimulus but not any stimulus similar
What is higher order conditioning
Occurs when previously conditioned stimulus functions as if it were unconditioned stimulus for further conditioning
Where is higher order conditioning typically used
In advertising
What is extinction?
Reduction of a conditioned response after repeated presentation of the stimulus alone
What is spontaneous recovery
Re emergence of a conditioned response sometime after extinction has occurred
Who came up with law of effect
Thorndike
What is law of effect
Behaviours that result in satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated
What is partial reinforcement?
A situation in which a behaviour is reinforced only some of the time
Why do we need partial reinforcement
They are more resistant to extinction - continuous reinforcing becomes less effective
Who came up with partial reinforcement techniques
B.f. Skinner
What is a fixed ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses - high rate of responding but with pauses
What is variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses- high steady rate of responding
What is fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time has elapsed
What is variable interval schedule
Reinforcement occurs after varying lengths of time
What is shaping
Intro to new behavior by reinforcing successive approximations of desired behavior
What is vicarious learning
Occurs when an individual observes the consequences to another’s actions that has led them to retrain from duplicating that behavior
What is implicit learning?
Refers to the acquisition of info w/o awareness
What is latent learning
Occurs w/o reinforcement and is not used until called for; not a result of conditioning
What is insight learning
Sudden realization of a solution to a problem or a leap in understanding new concepts
What factors facilitate learning
Timing, context effect, awareness and attention, sleep
Name the principles for achieving deep processing
Elaboration, distinctions, relate to personal experience, appropriate to retrieval and application
