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Cognition Class review > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of memory?

A

1) Encoding: Learning new info

2) Storage: Retaining a memory

3) Retrieval: Activating a memory

(Also memory consolidation)

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2
Q

What is the multi-store model: Memory as a system?

A

Sensory inpout -> Sensory memory -> STM -> LTM

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3
Q

What are the three parts of Sensory memory?

A
  1. Ionic
  2. Echoic
  3. Haptic
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4
Q

What are the parts of Short term memory?

A

Attentional control (not important)

Working memory (important)

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5
Q

What are the parts of long term memory

A
  1. Implicit
    -Procedural
    -Priming
  2. Explicit
    -Episodic
    -Semantic
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6
Q

What is Sensory memory?

A

Automatic reflections of a sense:

Gustatory memory

Olfactory memory

Echoic memory
* Sound-byte held for ~ 3 seconds

Haptic memory
* Very brief memory of a touch

Iconic memory
* Millisecond visual memory
* A ‘persistence of vision’

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7
Q

What is a Positive afterimage?

A
  • A visual memory that represents the perceived image in the same colors
  • Helpful for seeing things smoothly
  • E.g., see 75 frames/second, movies are 24 frames/second, but view movies
    as a smooth event due to afterimage filling in holes
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8
Q

What is a Negative afterimage?

A
  • A visual memory is the (color) inverse of the perceived image
  • Slightly longer than positive afterimage (few seconds)
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9
Q

How long does [sensory] memory last?

A

Lasts longer with grouped together letters shown and not all letters.

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10
Q

What is Short term memory?

A
  • Attended information moves from sensory to short term memory
  • The prefrontal cortex
  • Limited time capacity: ~ 20 to 30 seconds
  • Limited capacity: “magical number seven plus or minus two”
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10
Q

Explain the two Serial position effects:
Primacy and recency effect

A

Primacy: First things in a list

recency effect: Last things in a list

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11
Q

What is the Working memory?

A

Retention and manipulation of information not in our environment in conscious
awareness
* Guides behaviour
* Essential for many cognitive
functions

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12
Q

What is the The phonological loop?

A

Phonological store: Passive store for verbal information
* “The inner ear”

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13
Q

What is the Articulatory control loop?

A

Active rehearsal of verbal information
* “The inner voice”
* Used to convert written material into sounds (reading)
* A specialized role in language

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14
Q

Explain the two parts of the The visuospatial sketchpad:
The visual cache

The inner Scribe

A

The visual cache
* Information about visual
features

The inner scribe
* Information about spatial
location, movement and
sequences

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15
Q

The two forms of evidence for different brain regions doing the visual cache and the inner scribe:
Neuroimaging evidence

Double dissociation

A

Neuroimaging evidence:
Diff parts of the brain are active

Double dissociation:
Ppl with lesions in one of the areas can still do the other

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16
Q

What is the The episodic buffer?

A

Integrates information from short- and long-term memory

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17
Q

What did the Ebbinghaus guy do? (weird)

A

Learned nonsense syllables, tested memory at various intervals, and examined what was retained (forgotten)

in order to eliminate the effects of prior familiarity.

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18
Q

What is the forgetting curve?

A

Memory loss is largest early on and slows down

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19
Q

What is the The spacing effect?

A

Repeated information is more valuable

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20
Q

What is the The testing effect?

A

The testing effect (also known as retrieval practice, active recall, practice testing, or test-enhanced learning) suggests long-term memory is increased when part of the learning period is devoted to retrieving information from memory.

21
Q

What are the two levels of processing theory?

A
  • Shallow: Focus on sensory information
  • Deep: integrate higher-level knowledge (things we know) with learned information)
22
Q

What is the Decay Theory (What causes forgetting)?

A

Memories are lost over time due to disuse
* Like a muscle you don’t use, a memory gets weaker

23
Q

What is the Interference theory? (What causes forgetting)?

A

Interference is responsible for much of
forgetting
* Encoded memories are labile and need to be consolidated into
stable long-term memories
* During pre-consolidation period, memories are susceptible to
disruption and effects of interfering information

24
Q

What is Proactive interference?

A

Prior information interferes with encoding a new memory
* E.g., Trouble learning a new phone number because your old number keeps popping up in your memory

25
Q

What is Retroactive interference?

A

Newly learned information overwrites or interferes with a prior
encoded memory
* E.g., Trouble remembering an older password after you formed a
new password

26
Q

What are Similarity effects?

A

The more alike something is to what is already learned, the more it will mingle and
interfere with memory

27
Q

What is the Self-reference effect (link to identity)?

A
  1. Do these adjectives describe you? Happy, Talkative
  2. Are these common words? Happy, Talkative
    * The first condition led to better memory (Leshikar et al., 2015)
28
Q

What is the Generation effect (active rehearsal)?

A
  1. Read these pairs: king – crown; horse - saddle
  2. Generate the word: K___g – crown; H___e-saddle
    * The second led to better memory (Norman et al., 1978)
29
Q

What is the The encoding specificity hypothesis?

A
  • Memory retrieval is better when there is overlap with encoding context
  • Context can act as a retrieval cue
  • Context can be:
  • Internal state (e.g., mood)
  • External environment (e.g., room)
30
Q

What is State-dependent learning?

A

State-dependent memory or state- dependent learning is the phenomenon where people remember more information if their physical or mental state is the same at time of encoding and time of recall.

31
Q

What is Episodic memory?

A

specific events and episodes
* Retrieve encoding context (what, where and when)
* “Dancing at my high school prom”

32
Q

What is Semantic memory?

A

facts and general information
* No retrieval of context of learning
* “Proms occur at the end of high school”

33
Q

Does Episodic memory depend on the
hippocampus?

A

Yes

34
Q

What is Semantic dementia?

A

a progressive cognitive and language deficit, primarily involving comprehension of words and related semantic processing.

Relatively spared at episodic memory
tasks
* Impaired at word naming and picture
matching tasks

35
Q

What is Anoetic Consciousness?

A

Implicit Memory

No awareness or personal
engagement

36
Q

What is Noetic Consciousness?

A

Semantic Memory

Awareness but no personal
engagement

37
Q

What is Autonoetic Consciousness?

A

Episodic Memory
Awareness AND personal
engagement
Mental time travel

38
Q

The reappearance hypothesis

A

An episodic memory trace is recalled the same way at each retrieval

  • It is reproduced, not reconstructed
  • Based on clinical observations that recurrent memories are unchanged from the original event in cases like PTSD
  • Does this happen for highly emotional memories?
39
Q

What is a Flashbulb memories?

A

a vivid memory about an emotionally significant event, usually a historic or other notable event

Not immune to forgetting

40
Q

What is Memory consolidation?

A

Experiences are encoded and then consolidated into a long-term
memory trace

  • The formation of stable cortical representations of memories
41
Q

What is Memory re-consolidation?

A

When a trace becomes activated, it becomes de-stable
* Cortical connections can be strengthened and modified during this time,
which alters how the memory trace is reconsolidated
* Retrieval changes a memory trace

42
Q

Does Semantic memory affect episodic memory?

A

Yes!

Semantic knowledge affects retrieving detailed memories

43
Q

Explain how Schemas distort memories? (War of Ghosts)

A

Participants remembered a simplified version of the story and it became more conventional with repeated retrievals

  • Omissions and alterations to match Western schema
44
Q

Can Schemas can lead to false memories?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is False memories?

A
  1. A familiar feeling can lead to incorrect associations
  2. Details can be added to memories during retrieval
46
Q

What is the misattribution effect?

A
  • Retrieving familiar information from the wrong source (place)
  • A failure in source monitoring (not remembering the where or
    when accurately)
47
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Participants viewed a simulated car crash and after, asked:
* “how fast were the cars going when they
CONTACTED each other?”
* “how fast were the cars going when they
SMASHED into each other?”

48
Q

Implanting memories experiment?

A

Participants recalled childhood experiences recounted by their parents over three experimental sessions
* A false memory was added to the list of experiences by the
experimenter An overnight stay in a hospital
* 20% of people had a false memory of this event by the end of
the third session

49
Q
A

Cognition Class review (14 decks)

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