Intelligence Flashcards
What is Intelligence?
Intelligence relates to efficient and appropriate reasoning
* Learning from experience
* Adapting to the environment
* Acting purposefully
Are current forms of AI intelligent?
It can do some things, and can’t do others. It is generally following an algorithm
What are Psychometrics?
The study of psychological assessment
What is the Normal distribution or curve?
A symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes test score distribution
What is Standardization?
Test scores are compared to pre-tested ‘standardization’ or ‘norm’ groups
What is Reliability in testing?
Consistency across instances of testing
* IQ scores have high test-retest reliability
* Evidence: Score at age 6 correlates with scores at age 18
Who was the start of intelligence testing?
Francis Galton (1822 to 1911)
* Developed tests, but purpose was questionable
* Founded the eugenics movement
* Racially-motivated view of how to “improve” society
* A dark start to intelligence testing
What is Validity in testing?
The test is measuring what it is intended to measure
* IQ scores should have predictive validity
* predict performance on something requiring intelligence
* Yet, correlations of .5 with job performance
* Could be because intelligence will vary across context and culture …
to come
What is the Simon-Binet Test?
- Easy items: Follow a light beam
- Difficult items: Describe abstract words
- Some questionable items
“Calculates” a child’s mental age
What is the Stanford-Binet Test?
Based on the Simon-Binet test
Used mental age over real age x 100
What are the Wechsler Tests?
Measure different types of intelligence
Verbal and non verbal
Do genetics interact with IQ scores?
*Studies with fraternal or identical twins raised in the same or different environment
- Shared genetics is a better predictor of IQ
correlations among twins than the environment
Why are IQ tests helpful?
Helpful to identify children who need help but can be used to exclude marginalized
communities
What factors effect IQ scores?
- Socioeconomics
- Gender differences in self-estimated
intelligence - Culture: Familiarity with task and stimuli
can affect performance
What is the The Flynn effect with IQ variations?
consistent upward drift in IQ test scores across generations which has been documented to be approximately 3 points per decade.
Explain how complexity and health contribute to the Flynn effect:
Complexity
* Over time, more focus on abstract thinking and critical thinking, especially in
wealthier countries
Health
* There is a greater focus on health, which improves brain function and
enhances IQ test scores
What is Spearman’s two factor theory?
proposes that intelligence has two components: general intelligence (“g”) and specific ability (“s”).
To explain the differences in performance on different tasks, Spearman hypothesized that the “s” component was specific to a certain aspect of intelligence.
What is the Cattell and Horn Theory?
Fluid intelligence (similar to g)
* The capacity to acquire new knowledge and engage in flexible thinking
* Tests of reasoning
* Genetic basis
Crystalized intelligence (similar to s)
* Knowledge and learning that has been acquired throughout the lifetime
* Vocabulary, math
* Affected by personality, education, culture
* Motivated learning
What is Savant Syndrome?
A a person who is otherwise
limited in mental ability has an exceptional
specific ability
- E.g., artistic skills or mathematical ability
- Can be congenital or acquired (new skills
after brain injury) - Suggests there are different forms of
intelligence, supported by different cognitive
processes
What is Sternberg’s theory of intelligence?
Intelligence is the capacity to automatize information processes and use them in
appropriate settings
- analytic intelligence
- creative intelligence
- Practical intelligence
What are Sternberg’s intellectual components?
- Meta-component: Higher order processes for planning and decision making. Making decisions about how to solve a problem
- Performance component: Processes for executing a task
- Knowledge acquisition component: Processes to learn and store new information
What does a positive mood promote?
- leads to greater susceptibility to
misinformation
What does a negative mood promote?
- lowers susceptibility to misinformation
What do we do when in happier moods?
Global processing, looking at the whole scene.
