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Intro to Pysch > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Selective attention

A

Focusing on one piece of info, placing other info in background

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2
Q

Memory

A

Internal record/representation of some prior event/experience

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3
Q

What are the 3 basic levels of info processing model

A
  1. Encoding
  2. Storage
  3. Retrieval
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4
Q

Encoding

A

Info converted to neural code

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5
Q

Storage

A

Retained in appropriate area of brain

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6
Q

Retrieval

A

Act of bringing to mind material stored in memory

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7
Q

Sensory memory + types

A

System holding info coming through senses for less than few seconds; iconic vs echoic

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8
Q

Iconic memory

A

Visual info, 0.5sec

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9
Q

Echoic memory

A

Auditory memory, 4sec

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10
Q

Short term memory (4)

A

Info stored less than 30sec without rehearsal
Working memory
Active maintenace of info
12-30sec

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11
Q

How many things can STM remember at once

A

7

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12
Q

Which type of memory can be interfered with

A

Short term

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13
Q

Displacement

A

STM holding max info, each new item in pushes one old out

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14
Q

Chunking

A

Combining small pieces of info into larger clusters

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15
Q

Long term memory + 2 types

A

Multiple forms
Unlimited capacity
Relatively permanent
Types: explicit, implicit

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16
Q

Explicit LTM + types

A

Conscious recall
Semantic (facts, general knowledge)
Episodic (personally experienced events)

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17
Q

Implicit LTM + types

A

No conscious recall
Procedural (motor, cognitive skills)
Priming (enhanced identification of objects, words)

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18
Q

Consolidation

A

Info moving from STM to LTM due to neural assemblies

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19
Q

Neural assemblies

A

Physical change in neurons where specific neural pathways are built thanks to repeated practice

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20
Q

Long term potentiation (3)

A

Prolonged action at synapses
Repeated stim of synpases causes dendrites to grow more spines
2 neurons fire tgt = strong synapse

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21
Q

Patient Henry Molaison case

A

Epileptic seizures lead to hippocampus removal, then leads to
1. anterograde amnesia
2. loss of declarative memory (explicit)
3. retainment of procedural memory (implicit)

22
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Can’t remember anything new from point of injury due to incapability of forming LTM

23
Q

Hippocampus

A

Feeds memories to other parts of brain for storage

24
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Loss of memory from point of injury past (can only make new memories)

25
Q

Is memory a process or anatomical structure

A

Process

26
Q

How does hormonal changes affect memory

A
  1. Emotional arousal = stronger memory
  2. Fight-flight (epinephrine, glucose, cortisol, proteins)
  3. Amygdala signals hippocampus and cortex
27
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

Vivd images of circumstances associated with surprising, strong emotional events

28
Q

Forgetting memory

A

Inability to retrieve info still stored in LTM

29
Q

Encoding failure

A

Info never enters LTM (difficult for some memories without effort)

30
Q

Retrieval failure types

A
  1. tip of tongue (Blocking)
  2. interference: 2 competing memories
31
Q

Types of interference

A

Retroactive (new interferes with old)
Proactive (old interferes with new)

32
Q

Absentmindedness

A

Lapse of attention resulting in memory failure

33
Q

Transcience (decay)

A

Memory degrades over time with no explanation

34
Q

Memory as reconstruction

A

Not exact replica of event
Highlights pieced together with info sometimes inaccurate

35
Q

Why is memory not always accurate

A

Sake of effeciency, logic, consistency

36
Q

Schema (3)

A

Mental rep. of world
Framework of knowledge, assumptions about people objects events
Affects encoding, info recall

37
Q

Misinfo effect

A

Memory distorted by post-event info
Ex: mem as reconstruction, eyewitness testimonies

38
Q

Eidetic memory

A

Retain image of visual stim for several minutes once it’s no longer in sight

39
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency to remember items first/last on list

40
Q

Recency effect

A

Recall last items only

41
Q

Primary effect

A

Recall first items only

42
Q

State-dependant memory

A

Recall improved when retrieval happens in emotional state

43
Q

Context-dependant

A

Recall improved when in same context as initial event

44
Q

Automatic processing

A

Encoding without effort or awareness

45
Q

Elaborative processing

A

Actively making meaningful associations between old/new info

46
Q

Types of measuring

A

Recall: retrieval without cues
Recognition: with cues

47
Q

Retrieval cue

A

Info associated with shared knowledge helps bring it to mind

48
Q

Spaced practice

A

Rehearsal over time, better LTM recall

49
Q

Massed practice

A

Long learning session, worse LTM recall

50
Q

Visual imagery encoding (mnemonics) + types

A

Storing new info by converting into mental pictures
First letter technique, method of Loci, keyword method

51
Q

Organizational encoding

A

Categorizing info by noticing relationship among series of itemsO

52
Q

Overlearning

A

Practice, study beyond where repeated once without error

Intro to Pysch (10 decks)

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