Chapter 3 Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, corpus callossum
Define the cerebrum
Process sensory info, thinking, learning, consciousness of voluntary movement, containing 2 hemis
Define the cerebellum
Coordinates skilled/voluntary movements, balance, affects muscle tone, reflex,
Define the corpus callosum
Neural fibres connecting hemis. and passing info through interhemispheric transfer
What are the 4 parts of the hemisphere
Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital
Define the frontal lobe
Healthy personality, rational decision making, executive planning
Define the temporal lobe
Process auditory info
Define the parietal lobe
Respond to info from body parts (5 senses), contralateral, somatosensory (larger areas devoted to more sensitive body parts)
Define the occipital lobe
Process visual info, contralateral
Define lateralization
LH: language, math, analytics, logic
RH: facial recognition, spatial abilites, creativity, intuition
What damage can happen in the frontal lobe
Broca’s aphasia, impaired ability of language, can think but not speak
Define Broca’s area
Frontal lobe, speech production, combining sounds into words then sentences
Define Wernicke’s area
Temporal, understand verbal, written material, speaking coherently
What damage can happen in the temporal lobe?
Wernicke’s aphasia, speech is fluent but incomprehensible to others
What damage can happen in the occiptial lobe?
Visual agnosia, difficulties recognizing objects due to damage in V.A.A., difficulties combining indiv. parts
Define the motor cortex
Frontal lobe, initiates voluntary move., contralateral, larger areas devoted to more precise control
Define the primary auditory cortex
Temporal, Basic sensory info (noise)
Define the auditory association area
Temporal,Making sense of sounds, words; recognizing name
Define the primary visual cortex
Occiptial, basic sight info (colours, lights, lines)
Define the visual association area
Occipital, Meaningful perception of people, animals, objects
Define brain plasticity
Ability to change, adapt in response to experience; reorganizing, growing new synaptic connections; enviro. interacts with nervous system
Define neurogenesis
Brain forming new neurons
What is the brain composed of (4)
86-90b neurons, glucose, glia cells, grey (cellbodies) and white (axons) matter
Define glia cells
Support, nurture, insolate neurons; remove debris from dead neurons; enhance neural connections
What is the nervous system made up of
Central and peripheral systemsW
What is the CNS made up of
Brain, spinal cord
What is the role of the spinal cord
Connects brain to PNS
What is the PNS
Peripheral nervous system, carrying info to and from CNS
What are the two systems within the PNS
Somatic and autonomic
Define the somatic system
Controls skeletal muscles, interacts with exterior enviro.; links spinal cord with body, sensory organs; voluntary behaviour
Define the autonomic system
Regulates body internal enviro (organs, glands, blood vessels, heart rate, blood pressure)
What are the two parts of the autonomic system
Sympathetic , parasympathetic
What is the sympathetic system
Preps body for action; fight-flight; emergency system; mobilizes energy; no conscious effort (breathing, HR, BP)
What is the parasympathetic system
Conserves energy in body; returns to normal quiet state after emergency; most active after emotional event
What is a reflex
Automatic response to pain
What neurons are involved in a reflex
Sensory, intra, motor
Define sensory neurons
Processes pain by carrying info from skin/muscles to CNS
Define intraneurons
Connects sensory and motor neurons
Define motor neurons
Removed body from pain before brain realizes by carrying info from CNS to muscle/glands/organs
What are the 3 major parts of the brain
Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
What is the limbic system
Found in forebrain, structures involved in motivation, emotion, learning, memory
What are the structures of the limbic system (5)
Frontal lobe, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus
What are the structures of the hindbrain (4)
Pons, reticula formation, medulla, cerebellum
What is the brain stem
Part of brain responsible of providing oxygenW
What are the structures of the brain stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla, retiucal formation
Where is the retiucal formation found
Region of pons, medulla
Define thalamus
Relay sensory messages to cerebral cortex
Define hippocampus
Store info in memory6
Define amygdala
Arousal, emotion regulation/memories (fear)
Define hypothalamus
Controls, regulates: body T, hunger, thirst, arousal, endocrine system
Define the reticula formation
Arouses cortex, screens incoming info
Define the pons
Sleeping, dreaming, arousal
Define the medulla
Automatic functions (Breathing, HR, BP)
What are the parts of a neuron
Dendrites, soma, axon, nodes of Ranvier, Myelin sheath, axon terminal
Define dendritesB
Branch-like structure receiving info from other neurons
Define soma
Cell body, providing fuel, synthesizes chemicals, contains DNA
Define nodes of Ranvier
generates action potential
Define axon
Carries info away from cell body to neurons, muscles, glands
Define axon terminal
Releases brain chemicals
Define Myelin sheath
Fatty tissue layer surrounding axon; comes from glia cells; speeds up neural impulse conduction
How does action potential happen
Current moving from node to node triggers start of AP, info becomes an electric signal gathering at dendrites and cell body then bang AP
What is a nerve impulse
Seperate action potentials node to node
Do action potentials always fire
No, based on all-or-nothing principle
How do neurotransmitters becoming inactive after going in the synapse
- Diffusion (drifts out eventually) 2. Degradation (broken down by chemicals) 3. Reuptake
What are the 4 steps to action potential
- resting (no pos+) 2. depolarization (pos+ forces in) 3. refractory (+leaves) 3. repeat
