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Intro to Pysch > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Define learning

A

Any relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience/practice

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2
Q

Define Pavlov’s Serendipitous Discovery

A

Discovers classical condition

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3
Q

Define classical conditioning

A

Form of learning involving associations between environmental stiumli and organism’s response

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4
Q

What is a reflex

A

US causing UR

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5
Q

What is the following an example of: loud noise causing you to orient a certain way

A

Reflex: noise = US, orientation = UR

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6
Q

Define a US

A

Uncond. stim.; stim. eliciting response in absence of learning

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7
Q

Define a UR

A

Uncond. response: reflexive response elicited by stim. in absence of learning

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8
Q

Define NS

A

Neutral stim.: stimulus not yet producing any effect

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9
Q

Define CS

A

Conditioned stim: NS eventually elicits CR after being associated with US

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10
Q

Define CR

A

Conditioned response: reponse ellicited by CS, occuring after CS associated with US

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11
Q

Define higher-order conditioning

A

NS becomes CS through association with already-established CS

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12
Q

Define conditioned emotional response

A

Emotional response that has been classically conditioned (fear)

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13
Q

Who conducted the Little Albert experiment

A

John B Watson and Rosalie Rayner

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14
Q

What was done to Little Albert in his experiment

A

Conditioned to be afriad of white rats by pairing them with an US (loud noise)

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15
Q

Define stimulus generalization

A

Tendency to response to stimuli similar, but not identical, to CCS

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16
Q

Define discrimination

A

Learned ability to distinguish between stimuliD

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17
Q

Define extinction

A

Weakening, eventual dissapearance of a learned response; CS presented repeatedly without US

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18
Q

Why are humans able to be subjected to classical conditioning?

A

Due to it having an adapted value

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19
Q

Define biological preparedness

A

Innate readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (taste aversion)

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20
Q

Define learning to like

A

Positive emotion response to object, person, symbol, event, place, etc

21
Q

What is one mechanism of goal-directed behaviour

A

Law of effect

22
Q

Who coined goal-directed behaviour

A

Edward Lee Thorndike

23
Q

Define law of effect

A

Probability of action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a positive consequence

24
Q

Define operant conditioning

A

Learning depends on what happens after response (consequence)

25
Q

Who coined operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner

26
Q

Define operant response

A

Voluntary

27
Q

Define reinforcement

A

Stimulus increases likelihood of behaviour

28
Q

Define punishment

A

Stimulus decreases likelihood of behaviour

29
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Presenting something good

30
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

Removing something bad

31
Q

Define positive consequence

A

Getting something bad

32
Q

Define negative consequnce

A

Losing something good

33
Q

How do animals learn training from humans

A

Learn by getting reinforcement (sitting = treat)

34
Q

What are the two types of reinforcement

A

Partial, continuous

35
Q

Define partial reinforcement

A

Sometimes reinforced, sometimes no

36
Q

Define continuous reinforcement

A

Desired response every time it occurs

37
Q

Which type of reinforcement is most effective

A

Continuous

38
Q

What are the 4 types of schedules of reinforcement

A

Fixed ratio; variable ratio; fixed interval; variable interval

39
Q

Define Fixed Ratio sched

A

Reward after a set # of responses, higher response rate

40
Q

Define variable ratio sched

A

Reward after unpredictable # of responses, highest response rate, greatest resistance to extinction

41
Q

Define fixed interval sched

A

Reward after fixed time period, lowest response rate

42
Q

Define variable interval sched

A

Reward after varying time, slow but stable response rate

43
Q

What are the side effects of punishments (5)

A

Increased agression, learned helplessness, avoidance behaviour, modelling, temporary surpression

44
Q

Define learned helplessness

A

Tendency to fail to act to escape from situation due to repeated failure (giving up)

45
Q

Define cognitive social learning

A

Perspective emphasizing role of thinking (anticipating), social learning behaviour

46
Q

Define observational learning

A

Learning through observation by imitating models, learning without direct experience, attention, memory (classic Bobo doll experiment)

47
Q

Define insight learning

A

Wolfgang Kohler; more to learning to solving complex problems than just trial and error; sudden understanding of problem implying solution

48
Q

Define latent learning

A

Edward Tolman; experiment with rats in maze, proving that they can learn to navigate even without a reinforcement; hidden learning existing without behavioural signs

49
Q

Define cognitive map

A

Internal images, other mental representations of an area underlining ability to choose alternative paths towards same goal

Intro to Pysch (10 decks)

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