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Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Animal Picture- What did you see?

A
  • visual system and “what” (ventral) pathway helped you identify that you saw a group of animals
  • but, out of sight is NOT “out of mind”
  • you can still remember the picture and you can still recall some details
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2
Q

long term memory-declarative

A
  • things you know that you can tell others
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3
Q

long term memory nondeclarative

A
  • aka procedural
  • things you know that you can show by doing
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4
Q

What are sensory buffers?

A
  • brief of iconic memors
  • ex. fleeting image of scene
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5
Q

Short-term memory (STM)

A
  • eg. phone number
  • complex because multiple sensory modalities for multiple purposes
  • 30 sec to few min (rehearsal)
  • limited capacity
  • temporarily retain information
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6
Q

Intermediate-term memory

A
  • longer than STM
  • ex. lunch today vs. last week
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7
Q

Long-term memory (LTM)

A
  • enduring, near-permanent
  • eg. what you worde to prom
  • not perfect record, but important events to shape future behavior
  • strength based on emotion
  • “unlimited” capacity
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8
Q

encoding

A
  • information in sensory buffer (ex. iconic memory) is placed in STM
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9
Q

Consolidation

A

STM are converted into enduring LTM

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10
Q

Retrieval

A
  • LTM are returned to STM tobe used
  • Memories are integrated with current working memory, to allow predictions about your current situation
  • Memories can be updated and strenghtened before reconsolidation into LTM
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11
Q

Working memory

A
  • retain and manipulate short-term information
  • Ex. what to eat for lunch? What ingredients do you have? what did you have for breakfast? are you going to the gym later?
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12
Q

regions involved in forming working memory

Spatial location memory

A

Step 1: rat chooses an arm of maze to get a treat
Step 2: soon afterm the rat must recognize and enter same arm to get treat

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13
Q

Hippocampal cells

What is a cognitive map?

A

brain map of the relative spatial organization of objects and information

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14
Q

hippocampal cells

What do place cells do?

A
  • encode for a specific location
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15
Q

What do grid cells do?

A

encode for intersections of superimposed abstract grid

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16
Q

What do border cells do?

A

encode for edges of map (perimeter)

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17
Q

Response memory experiment

A

Step 1: Rat placed in box 2, and turns left or right to get a treat
Step 2: Soon after, rat is placed in box 5 and only gets treat if turns the same way (left or right)

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18
Q

Which brain region is important for response memory?

A
  • the caudate nucleus
  • rats with lesion struggle w response memory (turn left-right task)
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19
Q

Object memory experiment

A

Step 1: rat knocks over yellow square object to get treat
Step 2: Soon after, rat must knock over the new (green, circular) box to get a treat

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20
Q

Which brain area is most important for object memory?

A

the extrastriate visual cortex

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21
Q

Where is information about an event distributed?

A

in the sensorimotor (visual, auditory, spatial) and prefrontal cortices

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22
Q

Information is linked so…

A

it is retrieved together

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23
Q

What does retrieval involve?

A

hippocampus and medial temporal structures

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24
Q

What does declarative/explicit memory deal with?

A
  • facts and information
  • things that you can tell (declare) to others
  • includes semantic and episodic memory
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25
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • general knowldge
  • ex. our mascot is bearcat
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26
Q

What is episodic memory?

A
  • memory of specific time, place, incident
  • ex. HS graduation
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27
Q

How do we study declarative memory?

A
  • test in humans by asking them to memorize list or recall an important event in their life
  • test in animals by traning them on “object recognition memory” task- ex. monkey
28
Q

Medial temporal lobe

A
  • involved in forming declarative memory
  • includes hippocampus and associated cortex areas
29
Q

medial diencephalon

A
  • important in forming declarative memory
  • includes hypothalamus, thalamus, and mammillary bodies
30
Q

Cortex stores declarative memory

A
  • LTM about an event is distributed in same regions as STM
  • information is linked so retrieved together
  • retrieval may occur independent of medial temporal lobe
31
Q

Declarative memory process

A
  • sensory processing in cortex
  • parrahippocampal, entorhinal, perirhinal cortex
  • hippocampus
  • medial diencephalon (thalamus, thypothalamus, mammillary bodies)
  • declarative memory storage in cortex
32
Q

Parts of the brain in medial temporal lobe

A
  • hippocampus
  • associated cortex areas (entorhinal, perihinal, and parahippocampal cortex)
33
Q

Parts of brain in medial diencephalon

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • mammillary bodies
34
Q

What are other ways to describe nondeclarative memory?

A
  • procedural
  • implicit
35
Q

What does nondeclarative memory deal with?

A
  • deals with the “how”- skills and simple associations
  • things shown by performance
36
Q

What types of memory are included in nondeclarative memory?

A
  • skill memory
  • priming
  • associative/conditioning
37
Q

How do you test non-declarative memory in humans and animals?

A
  • by asking them to learn a new skill
38
Q

skill memory example

A

juggling

nondeclarative memory

39
Q

priming explained

A

change in processing stimulus based on prior exposure

ex. rhyming word

nondeclarative memory

40
Q

associative/conditioning

A

learning relation between stimulus/response or action/consequence

41
Q

how do you study associative memory?

A
  • training an animal to respond to an unrelated cue by pairing it with a related cue
42
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in forming skill memory? (nondeclarative)

A
  • basal ganglia
  • motor cortex
  • cerebellum
43
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in priming? (nondeclarative memory)

A

specific areas of cortex (neo cortex)

44
Q

Which parts of the brain are involved in associative learning?

A
  • amygdala
  • cerebellum
  • striatum
45
Q

Declarative and non-delarative can be best described as verbal vs. motor memory (T/F)

A

false, they are NOT motor vs. verbal

46
Q

When does loss of information occur?

A

as time progresses between consolidation and retrieval

47
Q

What does myelination do in terms of memory?

A

allows for faster information transfer

48
Q

What makes memory possible?

A

synaptic plasticity

49
Q

What is adult neurogenesis?

A

newly born neurons store information

50
Q

What is synaptic plasticity?

A
  • process of changing synapses to store information
  • structure and function
51
Q

What happens to neurons after training?

A
  • more NT release
  • more receptors on the membrain
  • OR both!
  • This means a larger postsynaptic potential (i.e. strengthened synapse)
52
Q

Explain synaptic remodeling

A
  • reorganization of existing pre- and postsynaptic strucures connect
  • A more frequently used neural pathway takes over synaptic sites formerly occupied by a less active competitor
53
Q

Synaptic plasticity- new synapses

A
  • increased number of synaptic contacts between 2 neurons
  • a neural circuit that is used more often increases the number of synaptic contects
54
Q

short-term habituation explained

A
  • if you repeatedly disturb siphon, the animal stops retracting gill
  • sensory neurons release less neurotransmitter due to habituation to the stimulus
55
Q

long-term habituation explained

A
  • if you disturb siphon repeatedly over days, animal stops retracting gill faster
  • this is due to a retraction (loss) of some synapses
56
Q

Hippocampus highly organized circuit order

A
  • entorhinal cortex inputs take perforant pathway to the…
  • dentuate gyrus sends mossy fibers to…
  • CA3 which sends shaffer collaterals to
  • CA1 subregion of the hippocampus
57
Q

Where is the entorhinal cortex and why is it important?

A
  • adjacent to the hippocampus
  • where the hippocampus gets the majority of its’ inputs from
58
Q

Which neurons in the hippocampus circuit are pyramidal?

A

CA3 and CA1

59
Q

What is long-term potentiation?

A
  • stable and long-lasting enhancement of synaptic transmission
60
Q

Explain tetanus and LTP importance

A
  • When researchers stimulate presynaptic neurons w a brief high-frequency burst (thus inducing tetanus- an intesnse volley of action potentials), the response of the postsynaptic neurons was changed
  • not the postsynaptic cells responded to normal levels of presynaptic activity by producing much larger EPSPs
  • basically, synapses appeared to become stronger or more effective after the tetanus
61
Q

Where does adult neurogensis occur? How?

A
  • in the dentate gyrus
  • cells will mature and receive input from the perforant pathway, strengthening this circuit
  • dentate gyrus neurogenesis is incresed by exercise, enriched environments, training in memory games
62
Q

Mechanisms of LTP

What happens if you stimulate perforant pathway at 1 Hz?

A
  • get a stable response in dentate gyrus cells
  • glutamate released which activates AMPA receptors
  • NMDA receptors, however, are blocked by Mg2+
63
Q

mechanisms of LTP

What happens if you briefly stimulate perforant pathway with a burst of electrical activity (tetanus)?

A
  • lots of glutamate released
  • Many AMPA receptors activated (stimulating more strongly)
  • This stronger depolarization drives Mg2+ plugs from the NMDA receptors
  • Now, the NMDA receptors are also able to respond to glutamate, allowing large amounts of Ca2+
  • This large Ca2+ influx causes more AMPA receptors to be produced (via CaMKH protein) and inserted into the postsynaptic membrane
64
Q

Mechanisms after LTP

After synaptic changes due to tetanus, what happens when you stimulate the perforant pathway at 1 Hz?

A
  • you get a larger stable response in Dentate gyrus cells
  • due to more AMPA receptors
65
Q

What kind of receptor is AMPA?

A

only ligand-gated

66
Q

What kind of receptor is NMDA?

A

ligand gated and voltage-gated for Na+ and Ca+

67
Q

What is long-term depression?

A
  • long-lasting and stable reduction- decrease in postsynaptic strength
  • encodes information/memory

Psyc 362- Behavioral Neuroscience (24 decks)

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