Chapter 2 pt. 2 Flashcards
Exam 1
Horizontal plane
- Rostral/Anterior/Front
- Caudal/Posterior/Back
- Curves from rostral to caudal
Saggital plane
- Rostral
- Caudal
- Dorsal and Ventral
Coronal plane
- looks like a face
- Dorsal and ventral
front and back
anterior and posterior
top and bottom
dorsal and ventral
rostral and caudal
toward the head, toward the tail
middle and sides
medial and lateral
opposite sides and same side
contralateral and ipsilateral
far and close to the body
distal and proximal
What causes the blood brain barrier
- Higher resistance in brain capillaries that restrics passage of large molecules
- The endothelial cells lining the blood vessels are tightly bound with no gaps
- Very small molecules can cross the blood brain barrier but it is overall very selective of what can get through
Circle of Willis
- Structure formed by the major cerebral arteries
- Where the major cerebral arteries are joined via communicating arteries
- This joining may provide an alternate route for blood flow if any of the main arteries to the brain should be damaged/blocked
Hemorrhagic stroke
occurs when a rupture in an artery allows blood to leak into the brain
-this means the artery cannot supply blood to the region it was intended to go to anymore
-this then means that the region cannot get nutrients, so there is not neural activity and the neurons will start to shut down
Ischemic stroke
occurs when a blood vessel gets blocked, clots, or other debris prevent blood from reaching a region of the brain, causing it to die due to neural shutdown from no nutrients
meninges layers in order
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
meninges are multiple layers that we find surrounding our brain that protect it well
dura mater
thin but super tough, leatherly, cannot penetrate easily
Arachnoid mater
webby substance that creates a reservoir called the subarachnoid space that suspends the brain in a bath of CSF
pia mater
touches and encapsulates the brain completely, wrapping the brain and digging into the grooves
delicate
Ependymal cells
- help distribute the cerebrospinal fluid everywhere
- line all of the meninges
- Forms the lining of ventricles
- Ependymal cells secrete cerebrospinal fluid- distibute it but do not create it
Ventricles
- Where CSF is made and stored
- 2 lateral ventricles
- 1 dead center (3rd ventricle)
- 1 near the brain stem (4th ventricle) that sends CSF to the spinal cord
Choroid plexus
- Creates/produces cerebrospinal fluid by filtering blood
- membrane that lines the ventricles (not the meninges)
Peripheral nervous system parts
- all parts of the nervous system found outside the skull and the spinal column
- includes autonomic NS (sympathetic and parasympathetic) and the enteric NS… and the somatic nervous system
Autonomic NS
- involuntary, takes place without conscious thought, almost automatic
- Consists of many ganglia (bundles of neurons) that are distributed all over the body including the visceral organs that somewhat independently influence visceral organs
- Divides into the sympathetic and parasympathetic NS
Sympathetic NS
- fight or flight
- Norepinephrine mostly governs this
- Increases your heart rate- “adrenaline rush”
Parasympathetic NS
- relaxes you
- acetylcholine governs this
Enteric NS
Gut/Digestive control
-governed by acetylcholine but there are other aspects as well
Somatic NS
- voluntary movements
- Nerves from your sense organs get set to the CNS to feed your brain info about what is going on around your body
- Consists of nerves from the CNS to the skeletal muscles allowing you to move your body willingly
- Info goes both from sense info to the brain and also from motor action from brain to motor muscles
- PNS-CNS-PNS
- Nerves include axons traveling to the CNS from eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose, muscles
Central nervous system functions
- Responsible for senses (vision, audition, olfaction, touch, and taste)
- Initiates movement of your muscles
- Affects attention, cognition, perception, thought, affect, and mood
- Responsible for other automatic life-essential functions like breathing, hunger regulation, thermoregulation, pain regulation, and circadian rhythm
functions become less automatic and more complex as you move from caudal to rostral of the CNS
Cerebral cortex
top part of the brain where all the groves are
basal ganglia
found in the middle of the brain, group of brain areas put together
thalamus
relay station, all info goes to thalamus first
hypothalamus
sits below the thalamus
invloved in breathing, hunger, thermoregulation, etc
Brainstem
midbrain, pons, and medulla
-invloved in involuntary things
Cerebellum
Allows you to balance
spinal cord
cervical
neck
spinal cord
Thoracic
trunk, lungs area
spinal cord
Lumbar
lower back
spinal cord
Sacra;
pelvic area
spinal cord
Coccygeal
bottom/tailbone
meninges and spinal cord
meninges protect and cover the spinal cord, spinal cord is also suspended in CSF
Dorsal root ganglion
- ganglion=bundle of neurons that exit and enter the CNS and contact the PNS
- take the information from the skin to the spinal cord; responsible for incoming sensory info
- located posterior to ventral root
Ventral root ganglion
cell bodies are in the ventral horn and send axons to the effector muscles, makes the muscles move
-anterior to dorsal root
