Chapter 2 pt. 3 Flashcards
Exam 1
1
Q
Sulcus and gyrus
A
- plural is sulci and gyri
- sulcus=a groove in the cerebral cortex
- gyri=matter between two grooves/wrinkles
- These increase the surface area of the brain, allowing it to process more info
- Increases how much info can be packed in the skull
2
Q
Gray and white matter
A
- In an image gray is darker than white matter
- Gray matter contains cell bodies and dendrites (no myelin)
- White matter contains axons w fatty white myelin sheath
3
Q
Axon tracts
A
- When lots of myelinated axons travel together, they appear white due to the myelin sheath
- Multiple axons traveling form a tract (called a tract in the CNS + a ganglia in the PNS)
- Cortical and subcortical regions communicate with one another via these tracts
4
Q
Corpus collosum
A
Axon tract that joins the two hemispheres
5
Q
Cerebral cortex parts and landmarks
A
- frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe
- central sulcus, sylvian fissure, and longitudinal fissure
6
Q
cerebral cortex
frontal lobe
A
front of the brain, makes decisions
7
Q
cerebral cortex
parietal lobe
A
- middle of the brain on top
- associatiion cortex that takes info from multiple locations, crunches it up, and then determines what to do
- Hand-eye coordination and other complex functions rely on the parietal lobe
- Integrates visual info
8
Q
cerebral cortex
Occipital lobe
A
- At the very back of your brain (cerebellum sits underneath)
- primary visual cortex
9
Q
cerebral cortex
temporal lobe
A
- right behind your ears
- primary auditory cortex is a part
- visual association cortex, helps you to identify objects
- primary olfactory cortex
10
Q
Central sulcus
A
- central grove that is very big and expands from the middle all the way down
- divides frontal from parietal lobe
11
Q
Sylvian fissure
A
- Fissure is a slightly larger sulcus
- divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe
12
Q
Longitudinal fissure
A
divides the two hemispheres of the brain
13
Q
Sensory cortical region of cerebral cortex
A
- involved in processing sensory input. recieves strong input from sensory organs
- Primary sensory cortex
- visual cortex- within occipital lobe
- auditory cortex-part of the temporal lobe that allows auditory processing
14
Q
Motor cortical region of the cerebral cortex
A
- invloved in driving movements or generating motor responses
- makes strong connection to the spinal cord
- primary motor cortex is one of the most important areas in driving movement (in the frontal lobe)
15
Q
Associative cortical region of the cerebral cortex
A
- involved in cognitive operations that are intermediate between sensing stimuli and acting upon them
- parietal lobe, temporal lobe, and prefrontal cortex are associative
16
Q
Homunculus
A
- primary motor cortex is in front of the central sulcus
- primary sensory cortex is behind the central sulcus
- area devoted to each body part is determined by the amount you use something
17
Q
Functional neuroanatomy
A
- The cerebral cortex is made up of many different sub-regions that have distinct functions but have surprisigly simmilar structure (cytoarchitecture)
- cortical regions are largely defined by what they are connected with and their sub-regional cellular architecture
18
Q
6 layers of the cortex
A
- cortical regions generally have 6 layers
- layers 5 and 6 consist of pyramidal cells (cell bodies of pyramidal neurons reside here- are major output layers)
- Apical (top) dendrites (go up straight mostly) and basal (bottom) dendrites (go out horizontal) recieve information from layer 4 which is a major input layer
- pyramidal neurons are projection cells that project information to other cortical and subcortical regions
19
Q
Basal ganglia
A
- found in the basal part of our brain in the ventral part
- Caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra
- Caudate=habit formation
- substantia nigra=consists of cell bodies of neurons that produce dopamine. involved in movement continuation
20
Q
Limbic system
A
- Processes emotion
- cingulate gyrus- involved in attention processing
- amygdala- fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform), emotion center
- Hippocampus- learning and memory formation
- Stria terminalis- sex and threat responses, integration of hormonal signals, basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do sometion) and emotion regulation
21
Q
oflactory bulbs
A
helps w smell
22
Q
Optic chiasm
A
crossing of the optic nerves from your eyes
23
Q
singulate gyrus
A
- involved in autism, pain processing, and emotion processing
- located around the corpus callosum
24
Q
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Pituitary gland
A
- Thalamus: major relay station for sensory information coming into the cerebral cortex
- Hypothalamus + Pituitary Gland: neurohormone center, biological rhythms, hunger/thirst, body temp, sexual drive
25
Q
cingulate gyrus
A
attention processing
limbic system
26
Q
amygdala
A
- fear processing, appetitive behavior (behavior people like to perform)
- Emotion center
limbic system
27
Q
hippocampus
A
learning and memory formation
28
Q
Stria terminalis
A
- sex and threat responses
- integration of hormonal signals
- basal part involved in appetitive behavior (motivation to do something) and emotion regulation
29
Q
Brainstem overview
A
- midbrain, pons, and medulla
- axons coming and going between spinal cord and brain
- controls head, eyes, and gaze
- automatic/autonomic functions
30
Q
superior colliculus
A
- visual information processing, particularly processes gaze information
31
Q
inferior colliculus
A
auditory info processing
32
Q
pons
A
- attached to the cerebellum
- contains motor control and sensory nuclei
- gives rise to the cranial nerves
brainstem
33
Q
medulla
A
- contains cranial nerve nuclei and marks the transition from brain to spinal cord
- involved in breathing and HR regulation
brainstem
34
Q
Cranial nerves
A
- 12
- arise form brain stem and pons
- bundles of axons
- within a nerve, different axons control sensory and motor processing
- vagus nerve goes below the neck, all others stay above (to control ur face)
1-olfactory, 2-optic, 10-vagus which goes to gut
35
Q
cerebellum
A
- highly folded
- responsible for fine motor control
- gait, balance, and muscle coordination
