Memory Flashcards
CCD: What is coding?
How information is stored in various stores of memory
CCD: What capacity?
How much information can be stored in various stores of memory
CCD: What is duration?
How long information can be stored in various stores of memory
CCD: Who researched coding?
Baddeley
CCD: What was Baddeley’s research into coding and findings?
Participants split into four groups to remember different lists:
> group 1 (acoustically similar)
> group 2 (acoustically dissimilar)
> group 3 (semantically similar)
> group 4 (semantically dissimilar)
He had them recall the lists immediately and after and then 20 minutes later
Immediately after, group 1 did worse (so STM codes acoustically)
After 20 mins, Semantically did worse (so LTM codes semantically)
CCD: Who researched capacity?
Jacobs
Miller
CCD: What was Miller’s research into capacity?
He observed that most things come in 7s (days of the week, sins) so concluded we have can recall 7± 2 items in our STM
He also observed that we can recall 5 letters as easily as 5 words so concluded we chunk information
CCD: Who researched duration?
Peterson and peterson (STM)
Bahrick et al (LTM)
CCD: What was Peterson and Peterson’s research into duration and findings?
They got 24 students to count back from a 3 digit number in 3’s for an increasing amount of time them recall a nonsense consonant syllable given to them
After 3’s recall was about 80%
After 18’s recall was about 3%
STM has a duration of 18’s (18-30s)
CCD: What was Bahrick et als research into duration and findings?
Studied participants between the ages of 17-75
Recall tested in two ways:
> participants recall people from there highschool graduating class through looking at photos
~15 yrs later= 90% accuracy, 48 yrs later= 70% accuracy
> participants recall people from their highschool graduating class without photos
~ 15 yrs later= 60% accuracy, 48 yrs later= 30% recall
LTM can last a lifetime
CCD: Evaluate research into coding
Clearly shows there are two memory stores
> this is still accepted today
> helped in development of MSM
Used artificial stimuli
> reduces external validity and real world application
CCD: Evaluate research into capacity
Jacobs study has been replicated
Jacobs study had confounding variables (not fully controlled)
Millers study found to be wrong
> cowan found we can store 4 ± 1
CCD: What was Jacob’s research into capacity and findings?
He had participants recall an increasingly long list of numbers until they could no longer recall the right numbers in the right order
Mean digit span = 9.3
Mean letter span = 7.3
CCD: Evaluate research into duration
Peterson and peterson used artificial stimuli
Bahrick et al had high external validity
Who came up with the MSM
Atkinson and Shiffrin
