Memory Flashcards
memory
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over time
encoding
inputs information into the memory system
storage
the retention of encoded information
retrieval
getting the information out of memory and back into awareness
What are the 4 types of encoding?
- acoustic
- semantic
- visual
- recoding
acoustic
input of sounds, words, and music
semantic
input of words and their meaning
visual
input of images
recoding
taking information from the form its delivered to us and then converting it in a way we can make sense of it
What are the stages of storage?
1.) sensory input
2.) sensory memory
3.) short-term memory
4.) long-term memory
sensory memory
storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less
What are the 2 types of sensory memory?
iconic and echoic
short-term memory (STM)
storage that holds non-sensory information for less than a few seconds but less than a minute
What are the 2 types of long-term memory?
explicit and implicit
What are the 2 types of explicit memory?
episodic and semantic
What are the 2 types of implicit memory?
procedural and emotional
long-term memory (LTM)
storage that holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years
What are the 2 levels of depth of processing?
shallow and deep
recall
accessing information without cues
recognition
identifying previously learned information after encountering it again, usually in response to a cue
relearning
learning information that was previously learned
amnesia
loss of LTM that occurs as the result of disease, physical or psychological trauma
What are the 2 types of amnesia?
retrograde and anterograde
retrograde amnesia
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to brain trauma
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories
What are the 7 sins of memory?
1.) transience
2.) absentmindedness
3.) blocking
4.) memory misattribution
5.) suggestibility
6.) bias
7.) persistence
transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
What are the 2 types of transience?
retroactive and proactive interference
retroactive interference
current learnings interfere with past learnings
proactive interference
past learning interfere with future learnings
absentmindedness
lapse in attention that results in memory failure
What is a type of absentmindedness?
prospective memory
prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
blocking
failure to retrieve information that is available
memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
What are types of memory misattribution?
source memory and false recognition
source memory
recall of when, where, and how information was acquired
false recognition
feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before
suggestibility
tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal recollections
bias
distorting influence of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
What are the types of bias?
- consistency bias
- change bias
- egocentric bias
persistence
intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
What are some memory enhancing strategies?
- rehearsal
- chunking
- elaborative rehearsal
- mnemonic device
