Learning

Question 1

instinct

Answer 1

unlearned knowledge involving complex patterns of behavior

Question 2

reflex

Answer 2

unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment

Question 3

learning

Answer 3

change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience

Question 4

associative learning

Answer 4

form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 5

classical conditioning

Answer 5

organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together

Question 6

operant conditioning

Answer 6

organisms lead to associate events; a behavior and its consequence

Question 7

observational learning

Answer 7

the process of watching others and then imitating what they do

Question 8

acquisition

Answer 8

conditioned response quickly getting stronger through the repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus

Question 9

extinction

Answer 9

the conditioned response weakens when only the conditioned stimulus is presented

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

after a break or pause from conditioning, the conditioned response reappears

Question 11

What are the 3 processes of classical conditioning?

Answer 11

acquisition, extinction, & spontaneous recovery

Question 12

stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

ability to respond differently to similar stimuli

Question 13

stimulus generalization

Answer 13

demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus

Question 14

habituation

Answer 14

when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change

Question 15

biological preparedness

Answer 15

propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others

Question 16

What are evolutionary elements?

Answer 16

• Adaptive behaviors allow us to survive.
• Taste aversions are learned.
• Biological preparedness

Question 17

Law of Effect

Answer 17

behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behavior that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged

Question 18

What happens in positive reinforcement?

Answer 18

Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 19

What happens in negative reinforcement?

Answer 19

Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 20

What happens in positive punishment?

Answer 20

Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 21

What happens in negative punishment?

Answer 21

Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 22

primary reinforcer

Answer 22

has innate reinforcing qualities

Question 23

What are some examples of primary reinforcers?

Answer 23

food, shelter, water, sex

Question 24

secondary reinforcer

Answer 24

has no inherent value onto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else

Question 25

What are some examples of secondary reinforcers?

Answer 25

money, gold stars, poker chips

Question 26

shaping

Answer 26

rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior

Question 27

model

Answer 27

person whose behavior that serves as an example

Question 28

vicarious punishment

Answer 28

observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior

Question 29

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 29

observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior