Learning Flashcards
instinct
unlearned knowledge involving complex patterns of behavior
reflex
unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment
learning
change in behavior or knowledge that is the result of experience
associative learning
form of learning that involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
classical conditioning
organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together
operant conditioning
organisms lead to associate events; a behavior and its consequence
observational learning
the process of watching others and then imitating what they do
acquisition
conditioned response quickly getting stronger through the repeated pairing of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
extinction
the conditioned response weakens when only the conditioned stimulus is presented
spontaneous recovery
after a break or pause from conditioning, the conditioned response reappears
What are the 3 processes of classical conditioning?
acquisition, extinction, & spontaneous recovery
stimulus discrimination
ability to respond differently to similar stimuli
stimulus generalization
demonstrating the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus
habituation
when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change
biological preparedness
propensity for learning particular kinds of association over others
What are evolutionary elements?
- Adaptive behaviors allow us to survive.
- Taste aversions are learned.
- Biological preparedness
Law of Effect
behavior that is followed by consequences satisfying to the organism will be repeated and behavior that are followed by unpleasant consequences will be discouraged
What happens in positive reinforcement?
Something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
What happens in negative reinforcement?
Something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
What happens in positive punishment?
Something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
What happens in negative punishment?
Something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
primary reinforcer
has innate reinforcing qualities
What are some examples of primary reinforcers?
food, shelter, water, sex
secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value onto itself and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with something else
What are some examples of secondary reinforcers?
money, gold stars, poker chips
shaping
rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior
model
person whose behavior that serves as an example
vicarious punishment
observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior
vicarious reinforcement
observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior
