Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

the process of putting information into a form that the memory system can accept and use

A

encoding

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2
Q

mental representations of stimuli as sounds

A

auditory memory (acoustic memory)

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3
Q

mental representations of stimuli as pictures

A

visual memory

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4
Q

memory for generalized knowledge about the world

A

semantic memory

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5
Q

the process of maintaining information in the memory system over time

A

storage

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6
Q

the process of finding information stored in the memory

A

retrieval

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7
Q

retrieving information stored in memory without much help from retrieval clues

A

recall

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8
Q

retrieving information stored in memory with the help of retrieval clues

A

recognition

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9
Q

memory for events in one’s own past

A

episodic memory

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10
Q

a type of memory containing information about how to do things

A

procedural knowledge (procedural memory)

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11
Q

information retrieved through a conscious effort to remember something

A

explicit memory

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12
Q

the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences

A

implicit memory

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13
Q

a model that suggests that memory depends on the degree or depth to which we mentally process information

A

levels of processing model of memory

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14
Q

a memorization method that involves repeating information over and over to keep it in memory

A

maintenance rehearsal

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15
Q

a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory

A

elaborative rehearsal

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16
Q

a model that suggests that memory depends on how the encoding process matches up with what is later retrieved

A

transfer appropriate processing model of memory

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17
Q

memory models in which new experiences are seen as changing one’s overall knowledge base

A

parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory

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18
Q

a model that suggests that information must pass through sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory in order to become firmly embedded in memory

A

information processing model of memory

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19
Q

a type of memory that is very brief but lasts long enough to connect one impression to the next

A

sensory memory

20
Q

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

A

sensory registers

21
Q

the sensory register for visual memory

A

iconic memory

22
Q

the process of focusing mental resources on only part of the stimulus field

A

selective attention

23
Q

a stage of memory in which information normally lasts less than twenty seconds; a component of working memory

A

short-term memory (STM)

24
Q

memory that allows us to work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory

A

working memory

25
Q

the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentation of the items

A

immediate memory span

26
Q

organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of useful information

A

chunking

27
Q

method for determining how long unrehearsed information remains in short-term memory

A

Brown-Peterson distractor technique

28
Q

the stage of memory that researchers believe has an unlimited capacity to store new information

A

long-term memory (LTM)

29
Q

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the first two or three items in a list

A

primacy effect

30
Q

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list

A

recency effect

31
Q

stimuli that allow or help people to recall information

A

retrieval cues

32
Q

a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information originally encoded

A

encoding specificity principle

33
Q

memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the contexts in which they are learned and recalled

A

context-specific memory (context-specific learning)

34
Q

memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person’s internal state during learning versus recall

A

state-dependent memory (state-dependent learning)

35
Q

in semantic network theories of memory, a principle that explains how information is retrieved

A

spreading activation

36
Q

mental representations of categories of objects, places, events, and people

A

schemas

37
Q

a method for measuring forgetting

A

relearning method

38
Q

a description of forgetting as the gradual disappearance of information from memory

A

decay theory

39
Q

the process through which storage or retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information

A

interference

40
Q

a cause of forgetting whereby new information placed in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory

A

retroactive inhibition

41
Q

a cause of forgetting whereby previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information

A

proactive inhibition

42
Q

a painful memory that is said to be kept out of consciousness by psychological processes

A

repressed memory

43
Q

a loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury

A

anterograde amnesia

44
Q

a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury

A

retrograde amnesia

45
Q

methods for organizing information in order to remember it

A

mnemonic strategies

46
Q

learning new information in many study sessions that are spaced across time

A

distributed practice

47
Q

trying to learn complex new information in a single long study period

A

massed practice