Learning

Question 1

the modification of preexisting behavior and understanding

Answer 1

learning

Question 2

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response until the neutral stimulus alone triggers a similar response

Answer 2

classical conditioning

Question 3

a stimulus that triggers a response without conditioning

Answer 3

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

Question 4

the automatic, unlearned, reflexive response to a stimulus

Answer 4

unconditioned response (UCR)

Question 5

an originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

Answer 5

conditioned stimulus (CS)

Question 6

the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

conditioned response (CR)

Question 7

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

Answer 7

extinction

Question 8

the relearning of a conditioned response after extinction

Answer 8

reconditioning

Question 9

the temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

Answer 9

spontaneous recovery

Question 10

a process in which a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Answer 10

stimulus generalization

Question 11

a process through which people learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one

Answer 11

stimulus discrimination

Question 12

a process through which a conditioned stimulus comes to signal another conditioned stimulus that is already associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 12

higher order conditioning

Question 13

reduced responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

Answer 13

habituation

Question 14

a law stating that if a response is made in the presence of a particular stimulus is rewarded, the same response is more likely to occur when that stimulus is encountered again

Answer 14

law of effect

Question 15

a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences

Answer 15

operant conditioning

Question 16

a response that has some effect on the world

Answer 16

operant

Question 17

a stimulus event that increases the probability that the response immediately preceding it will occur again

Answer 17

reinforcer

Question 18

stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response

Answer 18

positive reinforcers

Question 19

the removal of unpleasant stimuli

Answer 19

negative reinforcers

Question 20

the process through which a particular response is made more likely to occur

Answer 20

reinforcement

Question 21

the reinforcement of responses that come increasingly closer to some desired response

Answer 21

shaping

Question 22

events or stimuli that satisfy physiological needs basic to survival

Answer 22

primary reinforcers

Question 23

rewards that people or animals learn to like

Answer 23

secondary reinforcers

Question 24

in operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced

Answer 24

reinforcement schedules

Question 25

a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than those learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule

Answer 25

partial reinforcement effect

Question 26

the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior

Answer 26

punishment

Question 27

a process in which a person or animal stops trying to exert control after experience suggests that no control is possible

Answer 27

learned helplessness

Question 28

learning by watching the behavior of others

Answer 28

observational learning (social learning)