Memory

Question 1

Summarise the open and closed loop models of feedback.

Answer 1

Open loop – a control system with a
pre-programmed set of instructions
to an effector + no feedback/error detection process.
- Model comprised of input, executive
system, effector system and output
* Movements made with no
compensatory adjustments during
performance e.g., golf swing

Closed loop – gives feedback during
movement via proprioception/senses
* Deviations from the norm/motor
programme are detected and
corrections made during
performance
* Model comprised of input, executive
system, effector system, feedback
and output e.g. tennis serve – ball
toss

Question 1

Explain how schema theory works when performing a skill

Answer 1

Recall Schema:
- occurs before a movement is
initiated and includes the following
information which the performer
must know to form a schema:
- Each time we perform a skill we
recall from our LTM
- A generalised motor programme
that is a close fit to the new skill
and adapt it: initial conditions and
response specifications.
- Performer takes into account
immediate factors such as weather,
speed of a ball, movement of
opposition/team members, tactical
demand.
- Link to DCR process.

Recognition Schema
- During and after the skill is
performed the skill is then evaluated
as a correct/incorrect response.
- 2 types of information obtain:
combine - movement outcomes
(result) and sensory responses
(feelings from sensory systems
about the performance – KR/KP
- Future adaptations possible from
revised/reinforced GMP in LTM.
- Link to Open and Closed Loop motor
control.

Question 2

DCR process

Answer 2

Detection: athlete will detect info/input from their enviornment via proprioceptors
- Stimulis ID: info stored temporarily and if detected to be relevant stored in STM
- e.g perfromer identifies cues from enviornemt e.g flight of ball
- Comparison/Response selection: info is intreperted + compared w info in STM/LTM past expereinces then Recognition to previous timuli and appropriate response = decison making e.g catch ball
- Response programming = instructions sent to muscles
- Output: action carred out + feedback stored for future reference

• Welfords model the same basically

Question 3

STSS

Answer 3

• limitess store of info for very short time period of 0.25-1s
• selected info passed to STM for further processing
• info from senses/stimuli from enviornemnt
• Selective attention so relevant info filtered through + unimportant info forgotten + replaced
• RT can be enahced through developing selective attention

Question 4

STM

Answer 4

• process where stimulus/STSS info goes through detection to deceide what to pass to LTM ONLY if rehearsed + deemed impt
• comparison + recognotion processing
• initial processing is 30s or info lost between STM + LTM
• +/- 7 items
• Chunking info may enhance memory
• Encoding process as the STM requests MP from LTM which is retreieved then DECODED for correct MP to be executed

Question 5

LTM

Answer 5

• LTM has unlimited storage capacity
• Permanent memeory
• info is well elarnd + practosied (autonomous)

Question 6

3 factors affecting info processing

Answer 6

• strength of stimulus
• number of stimuli/Hicks law
• STSS
• STM/LTM
• Age
• Arousal level
• stage of learning
• anticipation of stimuli
• effieceny of receptor mechanisms
• time avail to complete action

Question 7

Hicks law

Answer 7

• Rs between number of choices + recation time
• The more choices available= slower/longer RT
• if performer more advanved/autonomous will be able to filter out irrelavnnt info and focus on impt cues faster than novice

SIMPLE RT:
- no options decreases RT/response e.g sprint start reactions to gunshot sound

CHOICE RT:
- several/multiple stimuli
- more info to process so increases time taken to react
- e.g open skills like of the center pass in netball as a C

Question 8

Psychological refractory period

Answer 8

• time taken to respond to a 2nd stimulus aft being presented w the 1st
• Single channel hypothesis = when multiple stimuli receieved only 1 stimulus an be processed at any one time so 1 response, once finishsed processing the next one can be procesed and so on

Question 9

how to reduce reaction time

Answer 9

• practise regulary to build experience and shorten processing time + enhance anticipation reaction to stimuli
• complete drills to improve speed/practise releavnt cues
• warm up physiological + psychological responses
• mental rehearsal to focus athletes selective attention to improve reaction time
• imrpove fitness levels to decrease ohysical response time to stimuli