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PE A LEVEL > Cardio-respiratory system > Flashcards

Cardio-respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Summarise the functions of three structural components of the
cardiovascular system.

A

Atria-contract to push blood into
ventricles
* Ventricles- contract to push blood
into blood vessels
* Valves –prevent back flow of blood
* SA node – spreads impulse across
atria/allows electrical conductivity to next stage of conduction
* Arteries-distribute blood round the
body/ thick muscular walls, elastic fibres so withstand HIGH BP + stretch when blood passes through
* Capillaries – allow gas exchange
* Veins – return blood to the heart, thick muscular walls
* Aorta – pumps blood away from
heart
* Bicuspid/Tricuspid valves – regulates
flow/prevents back flow
* Pulmonary Vein-carries blood from
lung to heart
* Pulmonary Artery-carries blood from
heart to lungs
* Red blood cells - carry oxygen

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2
Q

0 Examine the chronic adaptions to the cardiovascular system experienced after
a sustained period of endurance training

A

Increase in maximal cardiac output (AO1)
* Enlarged heart / hypertrophy (AO1)
* An increase in blood volume (AO1)
* Increased stroke volume (increased LVEDV) (AO1)
Application to activity for example:
* Increase in capillary density/increased capillarisation of heart allows better gas exchange (AO3)
* Increased red blood cells/increased Hb allow better
oxygen carrying capacity (AO3)
* Increase gas exchange in the blood allows faster delivery of
oxygen (AO3)
* Decrease resting heart rate (bradycardia) (AO3)

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3
Q

Outline the mechanical process of inspiration at rest

A
  • contraction of intercoastal muscles
  • movement of ribcage up and out
  • contraction of the diapgragm/flattening
  • expands vol of throacic cavity
  • pressure inside lungs decreases and is lower than atmospheric pressure
  • air moves into lungs as gasses diffuse from high to low Pa
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4
Q

Describe how oxygen is transferred from alveoli to muscles at rest

A
  • At lungs diffusion of O2 into capillaries from alveoli
  • Diffusion occurs from high to low conc down conc gradient (passive)
  • O2 binds to HBo carried on RBC’s
  • Transport of O2 via cardiovas ss to muscles
  • O2 unloaded into muscle via diffusion from high to low conc/pp02
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5
Q

Summarise how O2 delivery to working muscles increases during excercise

A
  • Increased ventiliation/TV
  • Increased diffusion gradient of lungs/muscles
  • Increased Cardiac output/SV/HR
  • Increased BP
  • Vasodilation to increase BF to muscles
  • Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in inactive areas Via Vascular shunting
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6
Q

Summarize functional adaptations to the heart as a result of aerobic training

A
  • Increase in end diastolic vol
  • Increased SV
  • Increased Cardiac output when excercising
  • Increased strength/force of ventricular contractions
  • Bradycardia/ low resting HR
  • same exercise aft aerobic training will have a lower HR
  • Increase HRR
  • faster recovery (HR returning to RHR)
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7
Q

Summarise functions of 3 charactertics of resp ss

A
  • Nasal cavity: allows air to be inhaled
  • Trachea= air flow to bronchi
  • Bronchus= pathway to lungs
  • Bronchiole= pathway to alevoli
  • Alevoli= gas exchange of CO2 and O2
  • Pulmonary capillary= allows gas exchange
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8
Q

Define pp02/partial pressre

A
  • partial pressure is increased pressure that gas exertes in mixture of gases
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9
Q

Explain the role of pressure gradients

A
  • Air moves from High to Low areas of pressure
  • Pressure gradient allows air from outside body to diffuse inti lungs during inspiration
  • Diaghrapm conctracts reducing pressure inside the lung/throacic cavity
  • Diaphragm releaxes increasing pressure inside lungs- expiration
  • increased pressure inside lungs forces air out
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10
Q

define Vo2 max

A
  • max volume at which O2 used in 1 min
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11
Q

Vital capacity defintion

A
  • VC= IRV + TV+ ERV
  • max vol fully expired aft max inspiration
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12
Q

Define SV and cardiac output

A
  • SV= vol of blood pumped out of heart durining 1 contraction
  • CO= Vol of blood pumped out by heart in 1 min
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13
Q

outline 4 changes in resp value during excercise

A
  • TV= increases
  • IRV= decrease
  • ERV= decrease
  • VC= decrease
  • Total lung capacity= decrease
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14
Q

explain how unhealthy lifestyle affects CV ss

A
  • lack of regular excercise= weakens lungs, resp muscles + heart weaken, inhibits O2 delivery to muscles
  • cigg smoking damages lung tissue/alveli/incrwases risk of cancer
  • increased BP/HR as arteries constricted by nictotine
  • imprper diet e.g high choleestrol/sodium increase BP/risk of CHD etc
  • Obesity increases energy cost of moving, more stress on heart lungs, joints
  • Drugs + sleep + stress + sedentary lifestyle
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15
Q

Karovene formula

A
  • THR = (HRR x % HR) + RHR
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16
Q

HRR formula

A
  • HRR= MHR- RHR
17
Q

Explain how venous return affects SV + CO

A
  • VR in blood returned to heart through veins + vena cava so SV is based on amount of venous return
  • More venous return (starlings law) = Greater SV
  • CO= SV x HR so larger SV = greater CO
  • Increased end diastolic vol = cardiac muscle stretched + ventricles stretched further + more blood enject from heart per contraction
  • INcreased in ventricular contraction from increased SV
18
Q

Conduction stages

A

-SA node is pacemaker + tranmits electrial impulse to atrial walls/depolorisation
- Atria is filled w blood
-Atria contract/atrial systole
- Blood pushed through open AV valves
- AV valves shut to prevent backflow of blood
- Between atria + ventricles theres non conducting fibre so atria can fully empty before ventricular contraction
- After a short delay AVN picks up impulse to allow ventricles to fill w blood
- When AV valves close+ impulse sent down to bundle his consiting of purkinjie fibres
-Purkinje fibres found in ventricular walls
- Ventricles contract pushing blood from bottom uo
- Ventricular systole
- Blood pushed through open SL valves in aaorta and PA
- Ventricualr depolorsiation after emptied

19
Q

Venous return mechanisms

A
  • Valves in veins= prevent backflow of blood so one way flow of blood
  • Skeletal muscle pump= skeltal muscles surronding veins contract to increase blood pressure/flow back to heart
  • Resp pump= pressure gradient between abdominals + thoracic cavoty which is a pump for blod to be transported back to heart
  • Gravity= Blood being returned from above level of heart aidied by gravity
  • Pressure G= PG exists between venous pressure and right artrial pressure/venous resist allows blood to return to heart
  • Smooth muscles in venins= Allows vein walls to contract and squeeze blood back towards heart

PE A LEVEL (13 decks)

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