Memory Flashcards
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
memory
how many steps is the memory process
three
refers to acquiring and transforming information from one form to another
encoding
the retention of information
storage
the recovery of stored information – when you recall memory
retrieval
info flows through a series of separate stages of memory
Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory
holds large amounts of incoming data for brief amounts of time
- 1 second or less
sensory memory
sensory memory
— iconic —
visual
sensory memory
— echoic —
sound
sensory memory
— haptic —
touch and other body senses
holds a small amount of information for a limited times
- 30 seconds at most
short-term memory
repetition of information in your short term memory
rehearsal
the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
chunking
an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
working memory
the final stage of the Atkinson-Shiffrin model that is the location of permanent memories
- few limitations to capacity or duration
long-term memory
the depth (shallow or deep) of processing applied to information that predicts its ease of retrieval
levels of processing theory
simple repetition of material
maintenance rehersal
linking new material to things you already knew
elaborative rehearsal
more likely to recall info processed on a deep level
levels of processing theory
meaningful associations between the concept you are studying and related concepts
elaboration
you have to make clear contrasts between the concept you are studying and other concepts
distinctiveness
relating concepts to you personal experience helps increase meaningfulness, elaboration and distinctiveness
personal
practice recalling the information and using the information in the way that your teacher expects you to be able to do
appropriate retrieval and application
the likelihood that an item on a word list will be remembered depends on its position in the lise
serial position effect
better recall for first items on a list
primacy effect
better recall for last items on a list
recency effect
consciously retrieved memory that is easy to “declare” or discuss verbally
- EXPLICIT
declarative memory
associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world
semantic memory
memory for personal experiences
“episode of your life”
episodic memory
includes semantic or episodic memories that reference the self
autobiographical memory
unconscious effortlessly retrieved memory that is difficult to verbalize
nondeclaritive memory
gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or “knowing how” to do things
procedural memory
change in a response to a stimulus as a result of exposure to a previous stimulus
priming
a connectionist theory proposing that people organize general knowledge based on their individual experiences
spreading activation model
a set of expectations about objects or situations
schema
the recovery of stored information
retrieval
any stimulus that helps you access target information
cue
memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval
encoding specificity
better recall of info when you’re in the same state during encoding and retrieval
context-dependent memory
building a memory out of stored elements
reconstruction
vivid and detailed memories of emotional events
flashbulb memories
a decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory
forgetting
a reduction in the ability to retrieve rarely used information over time
decay
competition between newer and older information in memory
interference
earlier learning impairs memory for information acquired later
proactive interference
later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
retroactive interference
failure to retrieve negative memories
motivated forgetting
confusion between real and imagined memories
confabulation
