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Psychology 1100 > Learning > Flashcards

Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

learning

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2
Q

involuntary responses to stimuli
- controlled by nervous system circuits
- fast, reliable, inflexible

A

reflexes

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3
Q

inborn patterns of behavior elicited by environmental stimuli
- more complex behaviors than reflexes
- once begun, they run to completion

A

instincts

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4
Q

learning that involves changes in the magnitude of out responses to a stimulus

A

non associative learning

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5
Q

what are the two major types of non-associative learning

A

habituation and sensitization

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6
Q

a form of learning in which reactions to repeated stimuli that are unchanging and harmless decrease
- typically occurs for milder stimuli
* decrease in response

A

habituation
“sensory adaptation”

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7
Q

an increased to many stimuli following exposure to one strong stimulus
- occurs after stronger stimuli
* hearing the same thing over and over again

A

sensitization

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8
Q

the formation of associations or connections among stimuli and behaviors

A

associative learning

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9
Q

what are the two major types of associative learning

A

classical and operant

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10
Q

anything that elicits a response

A

stimulus

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11
Q

the behavior that occurs in the presence of a stimulus

A

response

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12
Q

a type of learning in which associations are formed between two stimuli that occur sequentially in time

A

classical conditioning

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13
Q

pairing things together

A

conditioning

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14
Q

has innate, built-in meaning; elicits a response without any prior experience

A

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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15
Q

does not need to be learned; occurs as a response to a UCS without any prior experience

A

unconditioned response (UCR)

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16
Q

an environmental event whose significance is learned

A

conditions stimulus (CS)

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17
Q

a response that is learned through classical conditioning

A

conditioned response (CR)

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18
Q

the development of a learned response

A

acquisition

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19
Q

the amount of time between the CS and the UCS is important
- the CS MUST occur before the UCS
- but not too much before

A

contiguity

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20
Q

the signal should be reliable
- if the CS and the UCS always occur together, learning is
faster than if they only sometimes occur together

A

contingency

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21
Q

the reduction of a learned response

A

extinction

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22
Q

the tendency for a conditioned response to reappear from extinction after a period of time

A

spontaneous recovery

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23
Q

a feature of classical conditioning in which a conditioned stimulus predicts the non-occurrence of an unconditioned stimulus

A

inhibition

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24
Q

learning occurs slower when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is already familiar compared to when the CS is familiar

A

latent inhibition

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25
Q

the tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original stimulus

A

generalization

26
Q

a learned ability to distinguish between stimuli

A

discrimination

27
Q

learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit responses

A

higher order conditioning

28
Q

association between a phobic stimulus and fear are replaced by associations between a phobic stimulus and relaxation

A

systematic desensitization

29
Q

a type of learning in which associations are formed between behaviors and their outcomes
- the consequences of behavior determine whether or not it
will be repeated

A

operant conditioning

30
Q

behaviors that are followed by something pleasant are more likely to be repeated
and
behaviors that are followed by something unpleasant are less likely to be repeated

A

Edward thorndike’s law of effect

31
Q

a consequence that increases the likelihood of a behavior

A

reinforcement

32
Q

adding something desirable to increase the frequency of a behavior

A

positive reinforcement

33
Q

taking away something undesirable to increase the frequency of a behavior
- escape of avoidance

A

negative reinforcement

34
Q

ex.
I love chick fil a! when I get a good grade I treat myself to
chick fil a

A

positive reinforcement

35
Q

you wake up and turn off your alarm clock so that the alarm stops beeping

A

negative reinforcement

36
Q

these are reinforcing for biological reasons
- they play a role in survival
Ex. food

A

primary reinforcers

37
Q

only become reinforcing through their association with other things we value
Ex. money, praise, candy, gold star

A

conditioned reinforcers

38
Q

a consequence that decreases or reduces the frequency of behavior

A

punishment

39
Q

adding something undesirable or aversive to decrease behavior

A

positive punishment

40
Q

taking away something desirable to decrease behavior

A

negative punishment

41
Q

when you were a kid and would get in trouble so your parents gave you extra chores to do

A

positive punishment

42
Q

if you stay out past your curfew and your parents take your phone away

A

negative punishment

43
Q

a preferred activity can be used to reinforce a less preferred activity
- increases the likelihood that the less-preferred activity will
be completed
- first/then statements
- could be very different from person to person

A

premark principle

44
Q

reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs
- good for teaching a behavior

A

continuous reinforcement

45
Q

reinforcing a desired behavior on some occasions, but not on others

A

partial reinforcement

46
Q

reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs

A

ratio schedule

47
Q

reinforcement depends on the passage of dome amount of time

A

interval schedule

48
Q

a schedule in which reinforcement occurs following a set number of behaviors

A

fixed ratio (FR) schedules

49
Q

a schedule in which reinforcement occurs following a variable number of behaviors

A

variable ratio (VR) schedules

50
Q

Starbucks rewards — buy 10 coffees, get 1 free

A

fixed ratio schedules

51
Q

slot machines at casinos

A

variable ratio schedules

52
Q

a schedule in which the first response following a set time interval in reinforces
- numbers

A

fixed interval (FI) schedules

53
Q

a schedule in which the first response following a variable time interval is reinforced
- time

A

variable interval (VI) schedules

54
Q

checking your cell phone to see if you have any text messages

A

variable interval schedule

55
Q

a child in a classroom is constantly out of his seat and create a system so that if he remains in his seat for five minutes he gets an M&M

A

fixed interval schedule

56
Q

a method of increasing the frequency of behaviors that never or rarely occur
- also known as shaping

A

method od successive apporimation

57
Q

learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement

A

latent learning

58
Q

an application of operant conditioning in which tokens that can be exchanged for other reinforcers are used to increase the frequency of desirable behaviors

A

token economy

59
Q

learning that occurs when one organism watches the actions of another; also known as social learning or modeling
- similar to imitation

A

observational. learning

60
Q

copying behavior that is unlikely to occur naturally and spontaneously

A

imitation

61
Q

these are activated when performing a behavior and also when watching someone else perform a behavior
- found in the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe of primate
brains

A

mirror neurons

Psychology 1100 (12 decks)

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