Development Flashcards
genetic disposition, hereditary
nature
life experiences (the environment)
nurture
your genetic profile
genotype
scientific field that attempts to identify and understand links between genetics and behavior
behavior genetics
used to evaluate relative contributions of genetics and the environment
twin studies
the probability that a trait in one person will be shared by another
concordance rates
compare adopted children to their biological and adoptive parents
adoption studies
the likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics
- refers to population not individuals
- ranges from 0 to 1
heritability
the likelihood that variations observed in a population are due to genetics
heritability
what is hereditary influenced by
the environment
the study of gene-enviornment interactions in the production of phenotypes
epigenetic
suggests that cognition developed through regular stages
Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
what are the stages in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development
Sensorimotor
Pre-operational
Concrete operational
Formal operational
characterized by coordination of sensory input and motor responses
- ability to sense and ability to move
- active exploration of the environment
sensorimotor (birth - 2 years)
begins to develop schemas, or theories about or models of the way the world works
sensorimotor
representation that we of the world around us
schemas
incorporation new learning into an existing schema without revising the schema
assimilation
child sees a different breed of dog and assimilates it into its schema for “dog”
assimilation
incorporate new learning into an existing that requires schema revision
accommodation
child sees a zebra for the first time and creates a new schema for zebra
accommodation
the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
- emerges around the age of 8 months
- coincides with development of the frontal lobe
object permanence
child begins to represent things with words and images but lacks logical reasoning
- language acquisition
- immature, illogical reasoning
- do not grasp concept of conservation
pre operational (2 - 6 years)
understanding that changing an objects form/appearance does not change its quantity
conservation
limitations on the ability to understand the point of view of other people
egocentrism
refers to the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from one’s own
theory of mind (TOM)
child can reasons logically about concrete objects, but cannot yet think abstractly
concrete operational (6 - 11 years)
child can reason abstractly and think in hypothetical terms
- answers “what if” questions
- think through alternatives to solve problems
formal operational (11+ years)
is cognitive development more continuous or stage-like?
continuous
prevailing patterns of mood, activity, and emotional responsiveness
temperament
- social
- vocal
- happy
- active
surgency / extraversion
- angry
- fearful
- shy
- frustrated
negative affect
- pay attention
- inhibit behavior
effortful control
emotional bonding linking an infant and a caregiver
attachment
- distressed when mom leaves, but happy when she returns
- mom is a secure base to explore from
secure attachment
- diverse patters
- indifference or inconsistent reactions
insecure attachment
what are the types of insecure attachment?
- avoidant
- anxious-ambivalent
- disorganized
- indifferent
- no distress when mom’s gone, do not approach her when she returns
avoidant
- anxious all the time, even with mom!
- show great distress for her leaving, but reject her when she returns
anxious-ambivalent
- inconsistent
- seems dazed and confused
disorganized
empathy and recognizing child’s perspective
parental support
- supervising behavior
- consistent discipline
- clear expectations
behavioral regulation
- high parental support
- high behavioral regulation
authoritative parent
- low parental support
- high parental regulation
authoritarian parent
- high parental support
- low behavioral regulation
indulgent parent
- low parental support
- low behavioral regulation
uninvolved parents
period of development beginning with puberty and ending at young adulthood
adolescence
a period of bodily changes leading to sexual maturiey
puberty
- preconvential morality
- conventional morality
- post conventional morality
Kohlberg’s stages of moral reasoning
moral choices are made according to expectation of punishment
pre conventional morality
moral choices are made according to law of public opinion
conventional morality
moral choices are made according to personal standards are reason
post conventional morality
a constant, unified sense of self
identity
- menopause for women; graying hair
- tends to remain relatively stable
- big changes in social work roles
midlife
- gradual declines in sensory abilities
- tends to remain relatively stable, only a minority of population experience dementia
- increase emotional well being
late adulthood
