memory

Question 1

encoding

Answer 1

the process of putting information into a form that the memory system can accept and use

Question 2

auditory memnory

Answer 2

mental representations of stimuli as sound

Question 3

visual memory

Answer 3

mental representations of stimuli as pictures

Question 4

semantic memory

Answer 4

memory for generalized knowledge about the world

Question 5

storage

Answer 5

the process of maintaining information in the memory system over time

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

the process of finding information stored in memory

Question 7

recall

Answer 7

retrieving information stored in memory without much help from retrieval clues

Question 8

recognition

Answer 8

retrieving information stored in memory with the help of retrieval clues

Question 9

episodic memory

Answer 9

memory for events in one’s own past

Question 10

procedural memory

Answer 10

a type of memory containing information about how to do things

Question 11

explicit memory

Answer 11

information retrieved through a conscious effort to remember something

Question 12

implicit memory

Answer 12

the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences

Question 13

levels-of-processing model of memory

Answer 13

a model that suggests that memory depends on the degree or depth to which we mentally process information

Question 14

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 14

a memorization method that involves repeating information over and over to keep it in memory

Question 15

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 15

a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory

Question 16

transfer-appropiate processing model of memory

Answer 16

a model that suggests that memory depends on how the encoding process matches up with what is later retrieved

Question 17

neural network models of memory

Answer 17

memory models in which new experiences are seen as changing one’s overall knowledge base

Question 18

multiple memory systems model

Answer 18

a model that suggests the existence of specialized and separeted memory systems in the brain

Question 19

information-processing model of memory

Answer 19

a model that suggests that infromation must pass through sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory in order to become firmly embedded in memory

Question 20

sensory memory

Answer 20

a type of memory that is very brief but lasts long enough to connect one impression to the next

Question 21

sensory registers

Answer 21

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

Question 22

iconic memory

Answer 22

the sensory register for visual information

Question 23

selective attention

Answer 23

the process of focusing mental resources on only part of the stimulus field

Question 24

short-term memory

Answer 24

a stage of memory in which information normally lasts less than twenty seconds; a component of working memory

Question 25

working memory

Answer 25

memory that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory

Question 26

immediate memory span

Answer 26

the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentattion of the items

Question 27

chunking

Answer 27

organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaninful information

Question 28

Brown-Peterson distractor technique

Answer 28

a method for determining how long unrehearsed information reman in short-term memory

Question 29

long-term memory

Answer 29

the stage of memory that reseacheres believe has an unlimited capacity to store new information

Question 30

primary effect

Answer 30

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good the first two of three items in a list

Question 31

recency effect

Answer 31

a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list

Question 32

retrieval cues

Answer 32

stimuli that allow or help people to recall information

Question 33

encoding specificity principle

Answer 33

a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information that was orginally encoded

Question 34

context-specific memory

Answer 34

memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the contexts in which they are learned and recalled

Question 35

state-dependent memory

Answer 35

memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person's internal state during learning versus recall

Question 36

spreading activation

Answer 36

in semantic network theories of memory, a principle that explains how information is retrieved

Question 37

schemas

Answer 37

mental representations of categories of objects, places, events and people

Question 38

relearning method

Answer 38

a method for measuring forgetting

Question 39

decay theory

Answer 39

a description of forgetting as the gradual disappearance of information from memory

Question 40

interference

Answer 40

the process through which storage or retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information

Question 41

retroactive inhibition

Answer 41

a cause of forgetting whereby new information places in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory

Question 42

proactive inhibition

Answer 42

a cause of forgetting whereby previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information

Question 43

repressed memory

Answer 43

a painful memory that is said to be kept out of consciousness by psychological processes

Question 44

anterograde amnesia

Answer 44

a loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury

Question 45

retrograde amnesia

Answer 45

a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury

Question 46

mnemonic strategies

Answer 46

methods for organizing information in order to remember it

Question 47

distributed practice

Answer 47

learning new information in many study sessions that are spaced across time

Question 48

massed practice

Answer 48

trying to learn complex new information in a single long study period