memory Flashcards

1
Q

encoding

A

the process of putting information into a form that the memory system can accept and use

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2
Q

auditory memnory

A

mental representations of stimuli as sound

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3
Q

visual memory

A

mental representations of stimuli as pictures

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4
Q

semantic memory

A

memory for generalized knowledge about the world

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5
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining information in the memory system over time

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6
Q

retrieval

A

the process of finding information stored in memory

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7
Q

recall

A

retrieving information stored in memory without much help from retrieval clues

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8
Q

recognition

A

retrieving information stored in memory with the help of retrieval clues

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9
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for events in one’s own past

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10
Q

procedural memory

A

a type of memory containing information about how to do things

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11
Q

explicit memory

A

information retrieved through a conscious effort to remember something

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12
Q

implicit memory

A

the unintentional recollection and influence of prior experiences

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13
Q

levels-of-processing model of memory

A

a model that suggests that memory depends on the degree or depth to which we mentally process information

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14
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

a memorization method that involves repeating information over and over to keep it in memory

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15
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

a memorization method that relates new information to information already stored in memory

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16
Q

transfer-appropiate processing model of memory

A

a model that suggests that memory depends on how the encoding process matches up with what is later retrieved

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17
Q

neural network models of memory

A

memory models in which new experiences are seen as changing one’s overall knowledge base

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18
Q

multiple memory systems model

A

a model that suggests the existence of specialized and separeted memory systems in the brain

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19
Q

information-processing model of memory

A

a model that suggests that infromation must pass through sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory in order to become firmly embedded in memory

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20
Q

sensory memory

A

a type of memory that is very brief but lasts long enough to connect one impression to the next

21
Q

sensory registers

A

memory systems that briefly hold incoming information

22
Q

iconic memory

A

the sensory register for visual information

23
Q

selective attention

A

the process of focusing mental resources on only part of the stimulus field

24
Q

short-term memory

A

a stage of memory in which information normally lasts less than twenty seconds; a component of working memory

25
working memory
memory that allows us to mentally work with, or manipulate, information being held in short-term memory
26
immediate memory span
the maximum number of items a person can recall perfectly after one presentattion of the items
27
chunking
organizing individual stimuli so that they will be perceived as larger units of meaninful information
28
Brown-Peterson distractor technique
a method for determining how long unrehearsed information reman in short-term memory
29
long-term memory
the stage of memory that reseacheres believe has an unlimited capacity to store new information
30
primary effect
a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good the first two of three items in a list
31
recency effect
a characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list
32
retrieval cues
stimuli that allow or help people to recall information
33
encoding specificity principle
a principle stating that the ability of a cue to aid retrieval depends on how well it taps into information that was orginally encoded
34
context-specific memory
memories that are helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the contexts in which they are learned and recalled
35
state-dependent memory
memory that is helped or hindered by similarities or differences in a person's internal state during learning versus recall
36
spreading activation
in semantic network theories of memory, a principle that explains how information is retrieved
37
schemas
mental representations of categories of objects, places, events and people
38
relearning method
a method for measuring forgetting
39
decay theory
a description of forgetting as the gradual disappearance of information from memory
40
interference
the process through which storage or retrieval of information is impaired by the presence of other information
41
retroactive inhibition
a cause of forgetting whereby new information places in memory interferes with the ability to recall information already in memory
42
proactive inhibition
a cause of forgetting whereby previously learned information interferes with the ability to remember new information
43
repressed memory
a painful memory that is said to be kept out of consciousness by psychological processes
44
anterograde amnesia
a loss of memory for events that occur after a brain injury
45
retrograde amnesia
a loss of memory for events that occurred prior to a brain injury
46
mnemonic strategies
methods for organizing information in order to remember it
47
distributed practice
learning new information in many study sessions that are spaced across time
48
massed practice
trying to learn complex new information in a single long study period