learning

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

the modification of preexisting behavior and understanding

Question 2

habituation

Answer 2

reduces responsiveness to a repeated stimulus

Question 3

classical conditioning

Answer 3

a procedure in which a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that triggers an automatic response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to trigger a similar response

Question 4

unconditioned stimulus

Answer 4

a stimulus that triggers a response without conditioning

Question 5

unconditioned response

Answer 5

the automatic, unlearned reaction to a stimulus

Question 6

conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

an originally neutral stimulus that now triggers a conditioned response

Question 7

conditioned response

Answer 7

the response triggered by the conditioned stimulus

Question 8

extinction

Answer 8

the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response

Question 9

reconditioning

Answer 9

the relearning of a conditioned response following extinction

Question 10

spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

the temporary reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction

Question 11

stimulus generalization

Answer 11

a process in which a conditioned response is triggered by stimuli similar to the original conditioned stimulus

Question 12

stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

a process through which people learn to diffentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one

Question 13

higher order conditioning

Answer 13

a process through which a conditioned stimulus comes to signal another conditioned stimulus that is already associated with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

law of effect

Answer 14

a law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is rewarded, the same response is more likely to occur when that stimulus is encountered again

Question 15

operant conditioning

Answer 15

a process in which responses are learned on the basis of their rewarding or punishing consequences

Question 16

operant

Answer 16

a response that has some effect on the world

Question 17

reinforcer

Answer 17

a stimulus event that increases the probability that the response immediately preceding it will occur again

Question 18

positive reinforcer

Answer 18

stimuli that strenghten a response if they follow that response

Question 19

negative reinforcers

Answer 19

the removal of unpleasant stimuli

Question 20

reinforcement

Answer 20

the process through which a particular response is made more likely to recur

Question 21

escape conditioning

Answer 21

the process of learning responses that stop an aversive stimulus

Question 22

avoidance conditioning

Answer 22

the process of learning particular responses that avoid an aversie stimulus

Question 23

discriminative conditioned stimuli

Answer 23

stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made

Question 24

shaping

Answer 24

the reinforcement of responses that come successively closer to some desired response

Question 25

primary reinforcers

Answer 25

events of stimuli that satisfy physiological needs basic to survival

Question 26

secondary reinforcers

Answer 26

rewards that people or animals learn to like

Question 27

reinforcement schedules

Answer 27

in operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced

Question 28

partial reinforcement effect

Answer 28

a phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforecement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than those learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule

Question 29

punishment

Answer 29

the presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant one following some behavior

Question 30

learned helplessness

Answer 30

a process in which a person or animal stops trying to exert control after experience suggests that no control is possible

Question 31

latent learning

Answer 31

learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs

Question 32

cognitive map

Answer 32

a mental representation of the environment

Question 33

insight

Answer 33

a sudden understanding of what is required to solve a problem