Memory

Question 1

list 3 key components of memory

Answer 1

encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 2

encoding

Answer 2

How information gets INTO memory

Question 3

levels of processing theory

Answer 3

shallow - structural(physical appearance)
intermediate - phonemic (sound)
deep - semantic (meaning)

Question 4

storage

Answer 4

How information is MAINTAINED in memory

Question 5

describe multi-store model from atkinson and shiffrin

Answer 5

sensory memory
short term memory
long-term memory

Question 6

how is sensory memory converted to short term memory

Answer 6

paying attention

Question 7

how is short term memory sustained

Answer 7

maintenance rehearsal

Question 8

how is short term memory converted to long term memory

Answer 8

storage

Question 9

how is long term memory converted to short term memory

Answer 9

retrieval

Question 10

sensory memory

Answer 10

Auditory, tactile or visual information preserved momentarily
– Just enough time to recognise and direct your attention

Question 11

short term memory

Answer 11

limited capacity of information stored
can only last 20-30 seconds
rehearsal extends duration

Question 12

long term memory

Answer 12

unlimited capacity and indefinite duration

Question 13

how can long term memory be further categorized

Answer 13

declarative - facts, explicit knowledge can be either episodic (recollection of personal experience) or semantic (general knowledge)
procedural - how to conduct action e.g. riding a bike

Question 14

retrieval

Answer 14

How information is

RECOVERED from memory

Question 15

issues with retrieval

Answer 15

Not an exact replicas
– Can be distorted by unrelated
events
– “Misinformation effect”

Question 16

factors that affect retrieval

Answer 16

time - longer time reduces recall
meaningfulness increase recall
connectedness increase recall relate new info to existing knowledge
retrieval cues e.g. hints

Question 17

retrieval methods

Answer 17

recall - no cues
recognition - selected from an array of options
re-learning
reconstruction - combine stored info w/ other info

Question 18

why do we forget

Answer 18

ineffective encoding - lack of attention
decay - memory fades
interference - new info impairs retention of old info
retrieval failure - tip of the tongue
motivated forgetting - repressing sad memories

Question 19

amnesia

Answer 19

Partial or total memory loss

Question 20

types of amnesia

Answer 20

retrograde
anterograde
post-traumatic

Question 21

retrograde amnesia

Answer 21

remembers events before onset - retreival failure

Question 22

anterograde amnesia

Answer 22

can take in new facts or remember day to day events

consolidation failure

Question 23

post traumatic amnesia

Answer 23

combines both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
period retrograde shrinks
period of anterograde amnesia determines severity of head injury

Question 24

causes of amnesia

Answer 24

brain injury
drugs
alcoholism
severe emotional trauma
alzheimers

Question 25

how is working memory impacted by alzheimer’s disease

Answer 25

Intact at first BUT increased sensitivity to distraction

Question 26

state of long term memory in alzheimer’s disease

Answer 26

procedural intact
declarative; semantic
difficulty learning a language
declarative; episodeic - forgetfulness - missed appointments