Memory Flashcards
list 3 key components of memory
encoding
storage
retrieval
encoding
How information gets INTO memory
levels of processing theory
shallow - structural(physical appearance)
intermediate - phonemic (sound)
deep - semantic (meaning)
storage
How information is MAINTAINED in memory
describe multi-store model from atkinson and shiffrin
sensory memory
short term memory
long-term memory
how is sensory memory converted to short term memory
paying attention
how is short term memory sustained
maintenance rehearsal
how is short term memory converted to long term memory
storage
how is long term memory converted to short term memory
retrieval
sensory memory
Auditory, tactile or visual information preserved momentarily
– Just enough time to recognise and direct your attention
short term memory
limited capacity of information stored
can only last 20-30 seconds
rehearsal extends duration
long term memory
unlimited capacity and indefinite duration
how can long term memory be further categorized
declarative - facts, explicit knowledge can be either episodic (recollection of personal experience) or semantic (general knowledge)
procedural - how to conduct action e.g. riding a bike
retrieval
How information is
RECOVERED from memory
issues with retrieval
Not an exact replicas
– Can be distorted by unrelated
events
– “Misinformation effect”
factors that affect retrieval
time - longer time reduces recall
meaningfulness increase recall
connectedness increase recall relate new info to existing knowledge
retrieval cues e.g. hints
retrieval methods
recall - no cues
recognition - selected from an array of options
re-learning
reconstruction - combine stored info w/ other info
why do we forget
ineffective encoding - lack of attention
decay - memory fades
interference - new info impairs retention of old info
retrieval failure - tip of the tongue
motivated forgetting - repressing sad memories
amnesia
Partial or total memory loss
types of amnesia
retrograde
anterograde
post-traumatic
retrograde amnesia
remembers events before onset - retreival failure
anterograde amnesia
can take in new facts or remember day to day events
consolidation failure
post traumatic amnesia
combines both anterograde and retrograde amnesia
period retrograde shrinks
period of anterograde amnesia determines severity of head injury
causes of amnesia
brain injury drugs alcoholism severe emotional trauma alzheimers
how is working memory impacted by alzheimer’s disease
Intact at first BUT increased sensitivity to distraction
state of long term memory in alzheimer’s disease
procedural intact
declarative; semantic
difficulty learning a language
declarative; episodeic - forgetfulness - missed appointments
