HP REVISION CRAM

Question 1

Define gender based violence

Answer 1

Gender-based violence is violence that is directed
against a person on the basis of gender or sex. It
includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual
harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and
other deprivations of liberty

Question 2

types of gender based violence

Answer 2

within family - battering, sexual exploitation and abuse of kids, marital rape and female genital mutilation
within general community - rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment intimidation at work educational institution.
within the state - physical, psychological and sexual condone or perpetrated by the state

Question 3

types of sexual violence

Answer 3

non contact - sexual harassment, revenge porn
contact - genital touching
penetrative abuse - oral, anal, vaginal penetration with object or penis

WHO - forced marriage, forced abortion, forced prostitution, female genital mutilation

Question 4

typical acute care for victims of SA

Answer 4

Gardai report alleged offence and inform Forensic Medical Examination
Appointment made within 3 hours w/ duty Nurse in SA treatment unit
support with rape crsis worker

Question 5

list long term health consequences of intimate partner violence

Answer 5

physical - bruises and welts, lacerations and abrasion
reproductive - infertility, unwanted pregnancy
psychological - depression, PTSD
Fatal health consequences - homicide, suicide

Question 6

societal responce. for abuse victims

Answer 6

• Relationship skills strengthening
• Empowerment of women
• Services ensured
• Poverty reduced
• Enabling environments (schools, workplaces, public
spaces) created
• Child and adolescent abuse prevented
• Transformed attitudes, beliefs and norms.

Question 7

give the difference between sex and gender

Answer 7

Sex is defined biologically and physiologically with XX chromosome identified in female sex and XY chromosome identified the male sex
gender - Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society
deem appropriate

Question 8

give 3 examples of each
gender identity 
sexual orientation
biological sex
gender presentation

Answer 8

gender identity - girl/boy/transgender
sexual orientation - heterosexual/homosexual/asexual
biological - male/female/intersex
gender presentation - feminine/masculine/androgynous

Question 9

list 4 ways gender manifests itself

Answer 9

gender identity
gender roles
gender relations
institutionalised gender

Question 10

gender identity

Answer 10

the degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine based
on society’s definitions of appropriate gender roles

Question 11

gender roles

Answer 11

socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (how men/women should think, dress, speak, act)
cultural and personal
adopted in childhood and reinforced in media

Question 12

gender relations

Answer 12

How differing genders relate, communicate and interact with one another

Question 13

institutionalised gender

Answer 13

• Process – day to day interactions reinforce gender differences
• System – men as a group have more status and power than women as a group –
stratification
• Structure – gender divides work in the home and economic productivity – legitimates
those in authority

Question 14

determinants of health

Answer 14

• Income and social status
• Education
• Physical environment
• Social support network
• Genetics
• Health services
• Gender

Question 15

3 illness that are more life threatening to men and women

Answer 15

men - coronary heart disease, cancer, cirrhosis

women - anaemia, migraines, arthritis

Question 16

factors contributing to gender and sex differences in men and womens health

Answer 16

• Risk -both differ un exposure to risk, difference in access to power and resources affect risk
• Symptoms and Illness experience - influence men or women’s perceived health, likelihood to seek healthcare
• Interventions and Treatments - differ in response to sex difference and gendered interactions b/w patient and HCP
• Service Utilisation - gender influence patient behaviour esp. in likelihood to seek care
• Outcome - refer to morbidity, mortality, QOL, Disability and functioning, complications

Question 17

reasons why hospice is preferred over hospital

Answer 17

lower pain levels
reduce family distress
better privacy
better communication 
long delays for services in hospitals

Question 18

faults of hosiptal care in comparison to palliative care

Answer 18

lack of privacy
use of medical language
focus on physical needs not psychological need
inadequate symptom control

Question 19

rehabilitative palliative care

Answer 19

integrates rehabilitation, enablement, self-management and self-care into the holistic model of palliative care. It is an interdisciplinary approach in which all members of the team, including nurses, doctors, psychosocial practitioners and allied health professionals, work collaboratively with the patient, their relatives and carers to support them to achieve their personal goals and priorities.

Question 20

why is there an increasing need for palliative care

Answer 20

increasing older population
life pro-longing treatments
demand for more services

Question 21

effects on patient and family if diagnosis dying not made

Answer 21

patient and family unaware of their imminent death
patient loses trust
cultural and spiritual needs not met
patient may die of uncontrolled symptoms and die undignified death
CPR may not be initiated appropriately

Question 22

example of physical disabilities

Answer 22

Amputation;
Arthritis;
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis

Question 23

examples of intellectual disability

Answer 23

prader willi syndrome
down syndrome
fragile X

Question 24

Causes of intellectual disability

Answer 24

hypoxia
head injury
hypothyroidism
foetal alcohol syndrome

Question 25

list 2 primary and secondary conditions that can be associated with intellectual disability

Answer 25

primary -epilepsy, mental health disorders

secondary - obesity, fractures

Question 26

stigma

Answer 26

a mark separating individuals from one another based on a socially conferred judgment that some persons or groups are tainted and “less than”

Question 27

describe the process of stigmatisation

Answer 27

distinguish and label differences 
                     \+
link w/ negative attributes 
                     \+
separate 'us' from 'them
                    =
status loss and discrimination

Question 28

types of stigma

Answer 28

‘Enacted’ stigma (actual behavioural discrimination)

Felt’ stigma (individual’s expectations of negative reactions).

Question 29

3 reasons why CAM was developed?

Answer 29

limitations to conventional medicine - fragmented approach to therapeutics and organisation
challenges with chronic disease management
focus on disease prevention and health promotion

Question 30

list CAM therapeutics for cancer

Answer 30

yoga
chinese herbal medicine
tai chi

Question 31

factors that influence patient expectation

Answer 31

conditioning
experimenter bias
reporting error
physiological response anxiety reduction

Question 32

nocebo effect

Answer 32

Nocebo: negative effects
“I will harm”
If patient is told about
“possible” side- effects,
more likely to report “side effects” than those not
told

Question 33

health consequences of non-adherence

Answer 33

Poor health outcomes, treatment efficiency, unnecessary
illness,
decreased QOL

Question 34

describe common sense model

Answer 34

1. Identity e.g. name of condition and labelling of symptoms
2. Causes e.g. caused by genetics etc
3. Timeline/duration of condition
4. Consequences of illness
5. Controllability e.g. Can this be controlled by self/others?

Question 35

list all types of stress

Answer 35

• Stimulus models: What stressful events affect us?
• (Psychological) Transactional models: Why does stress affect us?
• Response/reactions models: How does stress affect us?

Question 36

list 4 factors associated with stress appraisal

Answer 36

proximity - imminent events
unexpected
uncontrollable
high amounts of life change

Question 37

describe stress as a response - how stress affects us

Answer 37

potentially stressful event -> subjective cognitive appraisal = personalised perception of threat -> emotional response(fear, anxiety), physiological response (hormonal fluctuations, neurochemical changes, behavioural response(coping efforts e.g lashing out, seeking help)

Question 38

list common coping responses to chronic illness

Answer 38

normalising - identify symptoms and define them as normal to neutralise threat
denial
avoidance - not deny but avoid situations that worsen symptoms
resignation
accommodation - acknowledges and deals with problems

Question 39

core aspects of sexual health

Answer 39

1. Fertility management (contraception and infertility)
2. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (including HIV/AIDS)
3. Sexual function/dysfunction (including aspects of the human sexual response sequence - desire, sexual arousal, and orgasm)
4. Sexual violence

Question 40

barriers to contraception

Answer 40

health concern - contraceptive pill has dangerous side effects
personal behaviour - alcohol use stops me from using contraception
public attitudes - single women carrying condoms may indicate they are ‘easy’

Question 41

list 2 theories that promote sexual health

Answer 41

1) HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
-Susceptibility - promote awareness that the person is susceptible to risks
-Severity - seriousness of unwanted pregnancy, HIV, chlamydia
-Action - condoms = safer sex
-Barriers - make contraceptives available, overcome stigma, make planning the smart
choice
2) THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR
-Intention - carrying condoms
-Perceived behavioural control - knowing how/when to raise subject of condoms
-Social norms - what is expected/acceptable

Question 42

describe model you would use to help discuss patient’s sexual dysfunction?

Answer 42

PLISSIT model
Permission - do you feel comfortable talking ..
limited info - offer brochure
specific suggestion
intensive therapy - refer to specialist

Question 43

mental health implications of obesity

Answer 43

Contemporary cultural
obsession with thinness
Stigma
Poor self-image

Question 44

influences of eating behaviour

Answer 44

biological
social
psychological
developmental