HP REVISION CRAM Flashcards
Define gender based violence
Gender-based violence is violence that is directed
against a person on the basis of gender or sex. It
includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual
harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and
other deprivations of liberty
types of gender based violence
within family - battering, sexual exploitation and abuse of kids, marital rape and female genital mutilation
within general community - rape, sexual abuse, sexual harassment intimidation at work educational institution.
within the state - physical, psychological and sexual condone or perpetrated by the state
types of sexual violence
non contact - sexual harassment, revenge porn
contact - genital touching
penetrative abuse - oral, anal, vaginal penetration with object or penis
WHO - forced marriage, forced abortion, forced prostitution, female genital mutilation
typical acute care for victims of SA
Gardai report alleged offence and inform Forensic Medical Examination
Appointment made within 3 hours w/ duty Nurse in SA treatment unit
support with rape crsis worker
list long term health consequences of intimate partner violence
physical - bruises and welts, lacerations and abrasion
reproductive - infertility, unwanted pregnancy
psychological - depression, PTSD
Fatal health consequences - homicide, suicide
societal responce. for abuse victims
• Relationship skills strengthening • Empowerment of women • Services ensured • Poverty reduced • Enabling environments (schools, workplaces, public spaces) created • Child and adolescent abuse prevented • Transformed attitudes, beliefs and norms.
give the difference between sex and gender
Sex is defined biologically and physiologically with XX chromosome identified in female sex and XY chromosome identified the male sex
gender - Socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society
deem appropriate
give 3 examples of each gender identity sexual orientation biological sex gender presentation
gender identity - girl/boy/transgender
sexual orientation - heterosexual/homosexual/asexual
biological - male/female/intersex
gender presentation - feminine/masculine/androgynous
list 4 ways gender manifests itself
gender identity
gender roles
gender relations
institutionalised gender
gender identity
the degree to which an individual sees herself or himself as feminine or masculine based
on society’s definitions of appropriate gender roles
gender roles
socially constructed roles, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women (how men/women should think, dress, speak, act)
cultural and personal
adopted in childhood and reinforced in media
gender relations
How differing genders relate, communicate and interact with one another
institutionalised gender
• Process – day to day interactions reinforce gender differences
• System – men as a group have more status and power than women as a group –
stratification
• Structure – gender divides work in the home and economic productivity – legitimates
those in authority
determinants of health
- Income and social status
- Education
- Physical environment
- Social support network
- Genetics
- Health services
- Gender
3 illness that are more life threatening to men and women
men - coronary heart disease, cancer, cirrhosis
women - anaemia, migraines, arthritis
factors contributing to gender and sex differences in men and womens health
- Risk -both differ un exposure to risk, difference in access to power and resources affect risk
- Symptoms and Illness experience - influence men or women’s perceived health, likelihood to seek healthcare
- Interventions and Treatments - differ in response to sex difference and gendered interactions b/w patient and HCP
- Service Utilisation - gender influence patient behaviour esp. in likelihood to seek care
- Outcome - refer to morbidity, mortality, QOL, Disability and functioning, complications
reasons why hospice is preferred over hospital
lower pain levels reduce family distress better privacy better communication long delays for services in hospitals
faults of hosiptal care in comparison to palliative care
lack of privacy
use of medical language
focus on physical needs not psychological need
inadequate symptom control
rehabilitative palliative care
integrates rehabilitation, enablement, self-management and self-care into the holistic model of palliative care. It is an interdisciplinary approach in which all members of the team, including nurses, doctors, psychosocial practitioners and allied health professionals, work collaboratively with the patient, their relatives and carers to support them to achieve their personal goals and priorities.
why is there an increasing need for palliative care
increasing older population
life pro-longing treatments
demand for more services
effects on patient and family if diagnosis dying not made
patient and family unaware of their imminent death
patient loses trust
cultural and spiritual needs not met
patient may die of uncontrolled symptoms and die undignified death
CPR may not be initiated appropriately
example of physical disabilities
Amputation;
Arthritis;
Cerebral palsy
Multiple sclerosis
examples of intellectual disability
prader willi syndrome
down syndrome
fragile X
Causes of intellectual disability
hypoxia
head injury
hypothyroidism
foetal alcohol syndrome
list 2 primary and secondary conditions that can be associated with intellectual disability
primary -epilepsy, mental health disorders
secondary - obesity, fractures
stigma
a mark separating individuals from one another based on a socially conferred judgment that some persons or groups are tainted and “less than”
describe the process of stigmatisation
distinguish and label differences
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link w/ negative attributes
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separate 'us' from 'them
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status loss and discriminationtypes of stigma
‘Enacted’ stigma (actual behavioural discrimination)
Felt’ stigma (individual’s expectations of negative reactions).
3 reasons why CAM was developed?
limitations to conventional medicine - fragmented approach to therapeutics and organisation
challenges with chronic disease management
focus on disease prevention and health promotion
list CAM therapeutics for cancer
yoga
chinese herbal medicine
tai chi
factors that influence patient expectation
conditioning
experimenter bias
reporting error
physiological response anxiety reduction
nocebo effect
Nocebo: negative effects “I will harm” If patient is told about “possible” side- effects, more likely to report “side effects” than those not told
health consequences of non-adherence
Poor health outcomes, treatment efficiency, unnecessary
illness,
decreased QOL
describe common sense model
- Identity e.g. name of condition and labelling of symptoms
- Causes e.g. caused by genetics etc
- Timeline/duration of condition
- Consequences of illness
- Controllability e.g. Can this be controlled by self/others?
list all types of stress
- Stimulus models: What stressful events affect us?
- (Psychological) Transactional models: Why does stress affect us?
- Response/reactions models: How does stress affect us?
list 4 factors associated with stress appraisal
proximity - imminent events
unexpected
uncontrollable
high amounts of life change
describe stress as a response - how stress affects us
potentially stressful event -> subjective cognitive appraisal = personalised perception of threat -> emotional response(fear, anxiety), physiological response (hormonal fluctuations, neurochemical changes, behavioural response(coping efforts e.g lashing out, seeking help)
list common coping responses to chronic illness
normalising - identify symptoms and define them as normal to neutralise threat
denial
avoidance - not deny but avoid situations that worsen symptoms
resignation
accommodation - acknowledges and deals with problems
core aspects of sexual health
- Fertility management (contraception and infertility)
- Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) (including HIV/AIDS)
- Sexual function/dysfunction (including aspects of the human sexual response sequence - desire, sexual arousal, and orgasm)
- Sexual violence
barriers to contraception
health concern - contraceptive pill has dangerous side effects
personal behaviour - alcohol use stops me from using contraception
public attitudes - single women carrying condoms may indicate they are ‘easy’
list 2 theories that promote sexual health
1) HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
-Susceptibility - promote awareness that the person is susceptible to risks
-Severity - seriousness of unwanted pregnancy, HIV, chlamydia
-Action - condoms = safer sex
-Barriers - make contraceptives available, overcome stigma, make planning the smart
choice
2) THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOUR
-Intention - carrying condoms
-Perceived behavioural control - knowing how/when to raise subject of condoms
-Social norms - what is expected/acceptable
describe model you would use to help discuss patient’s sexual dysfunction?
PLISSIT model Permission - do you feel comfortable talking .. limited info - offer brochure specific suggestion intensive therapy - refer to specialist
mental health implications of obesity
Contemporary cultural
obsession with thinness
Stigma
Poor self-image
influences of eating behaviour
biological
social
psychological
developmental
