memory Flashcards
multi story memory model
stimulus from environment- attention-sensory register-short term memory- elaborative rehearsal- long term memory.
- maintenance rehearsal.
- retrevial.
- Atkinson+ shiffrin 1968.
how sensory memory encoded? and who tested?
- the sensory memory takes info from one of its sense organs and holds it in that same form.
- seeing is coded iconic.
- hearing is encoded echoic.
- touch is encoded Haptic.
crowder tested in 1993- found that sensory info is encoded in different stores as they have different durations.
what is sensory memory capacity and duration? and tested by who?
- capacity tested by Sperling 1960 using a grid of letters for 50 milliseconds and asked to then recall 12 letters, showing sensory memory was limited in duration.
what is the capacity of STM?
-Miller 1956, digit span test, 7+or-2.
hold more information by chunking the numbers e.g 074 84 838 207.
Duration of STM? Study
- Peterson x2 used the trigram test, asked 24 uni students to remember 3 numbers and then counted backwards in threes, 90% were recalled after 3 seconds and 2% after 18 seconds and duration was found to be 18-20 seconds or 30 at most
evidence for separate LTM and STM research
Glanzer and Cunitz 1966- participants asked to read a list of words and then either have to immediately recall them or recall them after a distraction, and used the ‘serial position effect’, the ppl were able to recall the first words because they’ve been rehearsed and we can recall from our long term memory, ‘primary effect’. and ppl were able to recall the most recent words because they are in our STM. this was first discovered by Ebbinghaus in 1913.
Duration of LTM.
tested by Bahrick et Al 1975- investigated the duration of VLT memories by 392 American high school students aged 17-74 recalling their childhood classmates anything upto a lifetime can be remembered.
capacity of LTM?
potentially unlimited.
STM and LTM encoding study?
Baddely 1966- asked people to learn one of 4 word lists: acoustically similar, acoustically dissimilar, semantically similar and semantically dissimilar. and were then given 12 sets of 5 words from their list and recall either after 20 minutes LTM or immediately STM
-when recalling the lists immediately the most errors were made when acoustically similar (only 10% of correct recall compared to 82% for acoustically dissimilar) and when recalling LTM the most errors were found when semantically similar. found that STM relies on acoustic encoding and LTM uses semantic encoding.
evaluation of the multi-store model of memory?
strengths: gives us a good understanding of the structure and process of our STM it is good as it allows researchers to expand on the model, it is influential and prompted research into memory.
-HM also supports as he was unable to encode new long term memories after surgery during which his hippocampus was removed but his STM was unaffected.
weaknesses: oversimplified when it suggests that both STM and LTM each operate in a single uniform fashion, when this is not true it has been shown by the WMM, and shown that STM is not one unitary source but has central executive etc.
-more than one type of LTM, for example episodic.
evaluation of Crowder coding of the SR?
-in real life after-images of visual effects (e.g sparkles) offer good evidence of sensory memories.
Sperling 1960
-showed participants a grid of 12 letters for 50 milliseconds and after a tone were asked to either recall the row or all of them.
-when reporting the whole grid the recall was 40% and when asked to recall rows their recall was 75%.
-when asked to focus their attention on a specific area more of the grid was recalled.
-this shows that information rapidly declines in the SR supporting the assumption that the sensory memory is very limited in duration.
what is the primacy and recency effect?
-participants are read a list of words and then they have to recall them either immediately or after a distraction.
-the results showed that the first and last words were highest
-Ebbinghaus coined the terms ‘primacy effect’ and ‘recency effect’
Bahrick et al 1975
-investigated the duration of LTM.
-participants included 392 American school students aged 17-74 recall was tested by: free recall of names of as many of their former classmates as possible, a photo recognition test were they had to identify their classmates out of 50 photos, a name recognition test and a name and photo matching test.
-90% accurate for Face and name recognition after 15 years, 80% accurate for face recognition after 48 years, 60% accurate for free recall after 15 years and 30% for free recall after 48 years.
-show that classmates are rarely forgotten once cues have been given and supports the idea of LTM
Clive wearing
-contracted herpes simplex and it attacked his brain and since he has been unable to store new memories or retrieve old ones.
-developed profound case of total amnesia
-he remembers little of his life and his memory lasts 30 seconds
-he still recalls how to play the piano and conduct a choir despite him having no recollection of having a musical education
what are the three different types of LTM?
-episodic -semantic -procedural.
what is episodic memory?
-memories and events
what is semantic memory?
-facts and general knowledge.
what is procedural memory?
-skills, knowing how to do something.
what is the working memory model made up of?
-central executive, the visuospatial sketchpad (visual cache and inner scribe), the episodic buffer and the phonological loop (phonological store and articulatory control system)
