Approaches Flashcards
what parts does Freud believe break our mind up into?
conscious, preconscious and unconscious.
when do parts of personality emerge?
ID- birth EGO- early childhood SUPER EGO- later childhood.
3 different parts of personality?
ID- instincts,EGO- reality and SUPER EGO- morality.
what is the first psych sex stage? Age erogenous area, healthy resolution and personality traits?
Oral- 0-1- satisfaction from putting things in mouth- give and receive affection- under gratified: gratification from smoking or eating. Over gratified- gullible dependent.
saying to remember psychosexual stages?
Old age pensions like grapes
how does the personality stay balanced?
ego protects itself by using defence mechanisms- repression, denial and displacement.
How do you access the unconscious mind?
-dream analysis.
- free association and slips of tongue
assumptions of Psychodynamic
-unconscious processes determine our behaviour.
-personality has 3 parts.
-ego uses defence mechanisms
-childhood determines adult personality
who was Wundt?
First Psychologist and his aim was to study structure of the mind breaking behaviour into basic elements- opened first lab in 1879.
-used structuralism by isolating the structure of consciousness
what was introspection?
reflection on own cognitive processes and to describe them.
-recorded experiences of stimuli, and the thoughts images and sensations in response to them
Evaluation of introspection
it is subjective data and cannot be generalised and it cannot be observed and measured.
3 key features of the scientific method?
objective- basing findings on fact.
replicability- ability to repeat a study and achieve same findings
empirical methods- phenomenon that can be observed and measured.
evaluation of scientific method
GOOD-
-knowledge required is accurate
-produces facts due to controlled studies.
-allows causes of behaviour to establish and theories developed and treatments
BAD-lacks ecological validity
- certain areas of brain cant be observed using this method.
Strengths of psychodynamic approach?
-therapy developed as treatment.
weaknesses of psychodynamic approach?
Deterministic- assumes no free will
Unfalsifiable- can’t be proven
basic assumptions of behaviourism?
-psych should be empirical science
- mind is born blank slate and we learn behaviour from our surroundings.
-little difference between learning in humans and animals.
what is classical conditioning?
learning by association- learning occurs when an association is made between a neutral stimulus and reflex response.
pavlov’s dog experiment process?
presented a neutral stimulus before food given to dog and this produced no response and once the bell was presented with the food enough the sound of the bell alone was enough to make the dog salivate.
pavlov’s dog experiment? using UR
UCS=UCR
NS=NO RESPONSE
NS+UCS= UCR
CS=CR
what is operant conditioning?
works on the principle of learning by consequence and encouragement.
what is positive reinforcement?
receiving a reward when a certain behaviour is performed which then makes the behaviour more likely to reoccur.
what is negative reinforcement?
increases likelihood of behaviour occurring as it removes unpleasant consequences.
what did skinner study?
used a skinner box, a rat would be put in the box which had a lever inside to receive food and skinner observed that as a consequence of its actions the rat continued to display the new behaviour.
second psych stage? Erogenous area? Healthy res? personality traits bc?
Anal- 1-3- pleasure gained from bowel movements- can deal with authority- under grat: potty training strict leads to obsession with cleanliness. Over gratified: relaxed potty training messy and disorganised.
what is the third psych sex stage? Age erogenous area, healthy resolution and personality traits?
Phallic- 3-5- child has unconscious sex desires for opposite parent and fears punishment from same sex parent.- internalised conflict resolved to develop morals and gender identity- individuals may experience problems with sex and gay.
what is the fourth psych sex stage? Age erogenous area, healthy resolution and personality traits?
Latency-5-12- time of consolidation and rest, conflicts and issues of previous stages are repressed.
what is the final psych sex stage? Age erogenous area, healthy resolution and personality traits?
Genital- 12+- individual becomes interested in the opposite sex- individual becomes a well adjusted adult- if fixations have formed in first 5 years they emerge in personality.
Who was little Hans?
case study of a 5- year old boy who had a phobia of horses-Freud analysed that his fear was an ego defence mechanism and displaced the fear of his father for loving his mother
Evaluation of behaviourist approach
Scientific credibility- measurable of highly controlled lab settings objectivity and replicable.
Good applications- can apply principles to the real world due to phobias
Reductionist very simplistic
Unethical and humans aren’t animals.
What is SLT?
Learning through observing and imitating other people.
Procedure of bandura’s study?
1961- 2 sets of children, one observed aggressive role model the other non-aggressive- then they were frustrated by being shown toys they couldn’t play with to frustrate the children, then they were allowed to play with the toys- large amount of the aggression children were aggressive and those who didn’t weren’t
What is modelling?
-someone is influential to an observers behaviour, and then copies it.
what is imitation? what increases?
individual observers behaviour from a model and tries to copy it - characteristics of a model, observers ability and the consequences.
what is identification?
the extent to which the observer can relate to the model, if they relate more they are more likely to copy.
what is vicarious reinforcement?
the reinforcement the observer sees the model receiving an outcome for an action and it increases or decreases them repeating it themselves.
the 4 mental processes to determine imitation?
Attention- how much we notice certain behaviours.
Retention- how well we remember the behaviour
motor Reproduction- ability to perform the behaviour.
Motivation- will to perform the behaviour.
strengths of SLT?
-Takes thought processes into account and acknowledges the role they play in deciding to imitate behaviour.
- support from bobo dolls.
weakness of SLT?
-many of banduras ideas were developed through observation of young children in lab, lab studies are often criticised due to demand characteristics and that the kids thought they were supposed to hit the dolls.
-doesn’t discuss biological reasons
what is the cognitive approaches key focus?
internal mental processes- believes they can be used to understand behaviour.
what is a schema?
packages of ideas and info developed through experience- acts as cognitive frame work to help organise and interpret info in the brain
what does the cognitive approach use to explain mental processes?
theore.tical and computer models- simplified representations of particular mental process- like flow charts, multi store model of memory
strengths of cognitive approach?
-highly scientific and used lab experiments to produce reliable objective data
- produces treatments- cbt
weaknesses of cognitive approach?
-criticised as it ignores influence of human emotion
-generalisability- less valid because its a lab.experiment.
Main two people of the humanistic approach?
Carl Rodger’s and Abraham Maslow
What and the key thoughts of humanistic approach?
-a focus on the whole individual experiences.
- we make our own decisions because of free will, active agents of personal development and growth.
What did Maslow propose?
We have a Variety of deficit needs which need to be met in order to develop full potential.
Hierarchy of needs?
-Self actualisation- creativity, spontaneity, problem solving etc
-self esteem needs- confidence, achievement
-love and belonging needs- friends family, sex
-safety needs- security of self, employment, morality
Physiological needs- breathing food water sex
what did Rodgers propose?
-innately programmed to strive for personal growth.
what is self concept?
- Rodgers believed that it was the way we see ourselves, it develops in early childhood and dependent on how others treat us and reflect back to us.
what is a ideal self?
-how we would like to be
how is self esteem found?
-observing the differences between self-concept and ideal self, if they are close than there is congruence and they have a high self esteem..
what can effect a persons personal growth?
-conditional positive regard.
Three main Rodger counselling elements?
unconditional positive regard
empathy
congruence- client expresses themselves as they are and counsellor genuinely believes client can change + counsellor must be in touch with their own feelings to ensure no influence.
strengths of humanistic approach?
-It is not reductionist- Individual is not seen as the product of neurons firing or stimulus-response links.
-Client-Centred Therapy is used by psychologists and counsellors in therapy today
weaknesses of humanistic approach?
-It is too positive when regarding human behaviour- this means that it assumes individuals are intrinsically good and will choose positive paths for their lives- however free will and choice is limited for some individuals.
-There is too much emphasis on subjective experience- Hard to study
what is the main view of the biological approach?
-views humans as biological organisms- uses influence of genes, biological structures and neurochemistry on behaviour.
what are genes?
part of a chromosome
