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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

ionic memory

A

visual sensory memory

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2
Q

echoic memory

A

auditory sensory memory

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3
Q

short-term memory

A

limited storage for all thoughts and information

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4
Q

decay

A

information is not retrieved and fades over time

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5
Q

displacement

A

information is replaced by new data

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6
Q

working memory

A

stm - information from the sensory memory and ltm are held there

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7
Q

explicit memories

A

memories that involve information that can be consciously retrieved and stated

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8
Q

episodic memories

A

the memory of personally experienced events

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9
Q

semantic memories

A

the memory of facts

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10
Q

implicit memory

A

memory which does not require conscious retrieval

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11
Q

procedural memories

A

memory of motor skills and actions which have been previously learned, are often difficult to put into words

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12
Q

classically conditioned memories

A

conditioned responsed to conditioned stimuli acquired thorugh cc, esp fear and anxiety

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13
Q

amygdala (memory)

A
  • adds emotional context to declarative memories
  • encoding
  • transfer from stm to ltm for emotionally arousing memories
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14
Q

hippocampus (memory)

A
  • integrates information from a number of brain areas to form a declarative memory which is transferred to the ltm
  • encoding
  • transfer from stm to lmt for implicit memories
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15
Q

cerebral cortex (memory)

A
  • the storage destination for explicit memories
  • storage
  • explicit memories are widely distributed, often stored where they are first processed
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16
Q

cerebellum (memory)

A
  • stores procedural memories of learnt motor skills that require muscle coordination
  • (temporary) storage/encoding
  • fine muscle movements, balance + posture, ease and fluency of motion
  • motor components of cc reflexes
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17
Q

how do the hippocampus and amygdala work together to encode emotionally arousing memories for storage?

A
  • adrenalin is released (induces release of noradrenaline in amygdala)
  • stimulates amygdala to attach emotional significance
  • signals to hippocampus to encode and ensure long-term storage of emotional details
  • hippocampus remembers explicit details
  • amygdala remembers implicit, emotional context and sympathetic NS reactions
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18
Q

recall

A

retrieving information using few or no cues

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19
Q

free recall

A

reproducing as much information as possible in no particular order without the use of a specific cue

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20
Q

serial recall

A

reproducing information in the order in which it was presented

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21
Q

cued recall

A

the use of cues to aid retrieval and reproduction of the required information

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22
Q

recognition

A

identifying the original learnt information from among alternatives. the presence of correct information acts a a cue for its retrieval

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23
Q

relearning

A

learning information again that has been previously learned and stored in the ltm. method of savings

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24
Q

method of savings

A

used to measure the amount of information saved from previous learning

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25
Q

method of savings formula

A

(no. of trials for original learning) - (no. of trials for relearning) / (no. of trials for original learning) multiplied by 100

26
Q

reconstruction

A

combining stored information with available information to form a more complete memory. most evident when retrieving an episodic memory of a specific event

27
Q

what did barlett conclude?

A

that we only remember a few key details and during recall, we reconstruct the memory. usually unconscious, drawing on personal beliefs and experiences to fill in the blanks plausibly

28
Q

eye witness testimony

A

any first-hand account given by an individual of an event that they have seen

29
Q

leading questions

A

have content or are phrased in a way that suggests what answer is desired or lead to the desired answer

30
Q

the problem with leading questions

A

the witness may add false information and reconstruct the memory in an incorrect way

31
Q

loftus experiment one

A
  • videos of various car accidents shown to participants
  • different verbs used in leading question (smashed, bumped, collided)
  • more intense verbs brought about higher speed estimates
32
Q

loftus experiment two

A
  • participants shown a clip of an mvc
  • similiar leading quesiton (smashed, bumped, etc) but also a control group w/ no speed question
  • after a week, participants were asked if they had seen broken glass
  • those asked using the verb ‘smashed’ reported seeing broken glass despite there not being any in the video
33
Q

brain trauma

A

any brain injury that impairs the normal functioning of the brain

34
Q

neurodegenerative disease

A

a disorder characterised by the progressive decline in the structure, activity and function of brain tissue

35
Q

amnesia

A

the loss of memory which is inconsistent with ordinary forgetting. generally causes difficulty accessing information from the ltm or have difficulty forming new memories

36
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the loss of the ability to form or store new long-term memories (mostly explicit). associated with damage to the medial temporal lobe, particularly the hippocampus and connections between the temporal lobe and frontal lobes

37
Q

what causes anterograde amnesia?

A
  • failure of memory encoding and storage due to disruption of consolidation
  • lack of integration into ltm
38
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

loss of memory before a trauma

39
Q

damage to the hippocampus

A
  • impairs consolidation
  • does not affect implicit procedural memories (affects memory of process of learning)
  • right: spatial memory, learning and remembering the location of objects
  • left: difficulty remembering verbal information
40
Q

damage to the amygdala

A
  • problems with the formation of emotional memories
  • severe damage may inhibit a person’s ability to acquire a fear conditioned response
  • tends to not affect stm, procedural or explicit memory
41
Q

damage to the cerebral cortex

A
  • depends on the affected lobe
  • overall, difficulty retrieving explicit memories
  • impairment of other memory processes (eg attention)
  • may impact communication between lobes
42
Q

damage to cerebellum

A
  • seriously impaired spatial learning and memory, and motor impairments
  • classically conditioned simple reflex motor responses to a conditioned stimulus are also affected (but original UCS reflex is not lost)
43
Q

alzhiemer’s disease

A

a type of dementia characterised by the gradual widespread degeneration of brain neurons

  • outer part of the brain is usually affected first
  • stm loss is one of the first symptoms
  • as the disease progresses, ltm is increasingly impaired
  • primarily explicit memories
44
Q

how is alzheimer’s diagnosed accurately?

A

after death through autopsy

45
Q

alzheimer’s early symptoms

A
  • moderate memory loss
  • confusion
  • unusual irritability
  • impaired decision making
  • needing to be prompted about social care tasks
46
Q

alzheimer’s later symptoms

A
  • inability to recognise family members or regular carers
  • forgetting one’s own identity
  • severe personality changes
47
Q

alzheimer’s effect on memory

A
  • both retro and anterograde amnesia
  • episodic (forgetting part or all of a specific event)
  • semantic (forgetting known information such as names for objects or words)
  • spatial (inability to remember or follow written or verbal directions)
  • procedural (inability to perform everyday tasks)
48
Q

alzheimer’s brain damage

A
  • cortical and sub-cortical areas look shrivelled due to death of neurons
  • median temporal lobe most affected, particularly hippocampus
49
Q

main cause of neuron death in alzhiemer’s?

A

accumulation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles

50
Q

plaques

A
  • fragments of the protein beta amyloid

- form hard clumps outside and around the neurons

51
Q

tangles

A
  • inhibit transport of essential substances throughout the neuron
  • formed from a protein called tau
52
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A
  • involved in processing memory and learning

- greatly reduced in alzhiemer’s

53
Q

medications for alzheimer’s

A

medications which mimic ACh in early or middle stages can improve the efficiency of damaged neurons, slowing the development of symptoms

54
Q

forgetting

A

the inability to access or recover information previously stored in the memory

55
Q

retrieval cue

A

any stimulus which assists the process of locating and recovering information stored in the memory

56
Q

context dependent cue

A

environmental cues in the specific context where the memory was formed

57
Q

state dependent cues

A

associated with an individual’s internal physiological and/or psychological state at the time the memory was formed

58
Q

maintenance rehearsal

A

repeating the information being remembered over and over again so that it can be maintained in the stm

59
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

the process of linking new information in a meaningful way with other new information or information stored in the ltm

60
Q

serial position effect

A

the tendency for free recall to more efficiently consolidate items at the beginning and end of a list

61
Q

primacy effect

A
  • superior recall of items at the beginning of a list

- received more attention and rehearsal

62
Q

recency effect

A
  • superior recall of items at the end of a list

- still in the stm

Psychology (13 decks)

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