Memorise

Question 1

Maintanence cycle

Answer 1

Attitude
Lookout
Attitude
Performance

Question 2

Normal configuration

Answer 2

2400 + 1/3 G = 105kts

Question 3

Fast configuration

Answer 3

2500 RPM + (<1/3 ground >2/3) g = 115kts - Fast

Question 4

Slow configuration

Answer 4

2000 RPM + Nose on Horizon = 75kts - Slow - AOA = low traffic visibility

Question 5

Safe slow configuration

Answer 5

2100 RPM + >1/3 G = 75kts - safe slow

Question 6

Vfe

Answer 6

Maximum flap extended speed Vfe - 103 KIAS

Question 7

PA28 Vx

Answer 7

Vx - best angle of climb airspeed - 63 KIAS

Question 8

Vg

Answer 8

Best glide speed - 73kts

Question 9

Vne

Answer 9

Never exceed speed - 160

Question 10

Vno

Answer 10

Maximum structural cruising speed - speed not to be exceeded unless in smooth air, then only with caution. 126

Question 11

Va

Answer 11

Manoeuvring speed - speed at which you will stall before you break (controls are easiest to manoeuvre) - 88-111

Question 12

Vb

Answer 12

Gust penetration speed - speed you aim to fly in turbulence.

Question 13

Bernoulli formula

Answer 13

Total pressure = static + dynamic pressure.

Question 14

IAS

Answer 14

Indicated airspeed - the reading on the ASI in the aeroplane. Does not change with a headwind.

Question 15

CAS

Answer 15

Calibrated airspeed - corrected for instrument and installation error

Question 16

TAS

Answer 16

True airspeed - real speed of the aeroplane through the air. Will be 2% greater than IAS for every 1000ft above sea level. Always greater than IAS

Question 17

GS

Answer 17

Ground speed - corrected for wind - headwind decreases GS. GS = IAS - headwind.

Question 18

When does throttle icing occur and why?

Answer 18

The most severe icing occurs at mild temperatures (around 16℃) with high humidity (above 50%) and at low power settings, particularly on descent.

Low power setting means butterfly valve is more closed, a restriction is created between the butterfly valve and the barrel of the carburettor, this acts like a Venturi and the air cools down. ice forms on the rear side of the valve and can jam it.

Question 19

When does fuel evaporation icing occur and how?

Answer 19

Forms at, and downstream from, the point that fuel is introduced into the carburettor. The cooling effect on the fuel air mixture by the fuel vaporization can cause the temperature in the Venturi restriction to fall below 0. This causes the moisture content of the air to freeze.

Question 20

When does impact icing occur and how?

Answer 20

This is formed by the impact of moist air at temperatures between -10 degrees and 0 degrees on air scoops, throttle plates, heat valves, bends in the intake manifold, even the air intake itself. It usually forms when visible moisture such as rain, snow, sleet, or clouds are present. Rapid accumulation can be anticipated at 4 degrees Celsius. This type of icing can affect fuel injection systems as well as carburettor systems. It is also the main type of icing hazard for turbocharged engines.

Question 21

Due point temp

Answer 21

Temp at which cloud condenses.

Question 22

Icing indications

Answer 22

Gradual reduction in RPM at a constant throttle position.
Rough running of engine.
Icing cannot occur on the ground.

Question 23

When does angle of descent become steeper

Answer 23

When drag increases faster than lift does - when flaps are extended and at low airspeed.

Question 24

What is wake turbulence and how do you avoid it?

Answer 24

Refers to the disturbed air, including the vortices left behind a heavy aircraft in flight. It drifts with the wind and sinks below the flight path of the generating aircraft. If you take off before it, and climb steeper, you must remain above the vortices.

Question 25

What does strength of vortices depend on?

Answer 25

The pressure difference between the top and bottom of the wing (lift generated) and time available for air to complete journey across wing tip. A heavy aircraft makes more lift and if it is flying slowly there is more time for air to spill across the wing tips.

Question 26

What is QNH

Answer 26

Atmospheric pressure of the air at sea level at any given time or place.

Question 27

Wind velocity

Answer 27

Wind moving from a high to low pressure system.