Memorise Flashcards
Maintanence cycle
Attitude
Lookout
Attitude
Performance
Normal configuration
2400 + 1/3 G = 105kts
Fast configuration
2500 RPM + (<1/3 ground >2/3) g = 115kts - Fast
Slow configuration
2000 RPM + Nose on Horizon = 75kts - Slow - AOA = low traffic visibility
Safe slow configuration
2100 RPM + >1/3 G = 75kts - safe slow
Vfe
Maximum flap extended speed Vfe - 103 KIAS
PA28 Vx
Vx - best angle of climb airspeed - 63 KIAS
Vg
Best glide speed - 73kts
Vne
Never exceed speed - 160
Vno
Maximum structural cruising speed - speed not to be exceeded unless in smooth air, then only with caution. 126
Va
Manoeuvring speed - speed at which you will stall before you break (controls are easiest to manoeuvre) - 88-111
Vb
Gust penetration speed - speed you aim to fly in turbulence.
Bernoulli formula
Total pressure = static + dynamic pressure.
IAS
Indicated airspeed - the reading on the ASI in the aeroplane. Does not change with a headwind.
CAS
Calibrated airspeed - corrected for instrument and installation error
TAS
True airspeed - real speed of the aeroplane through the air. Will be 2% greater than IAS for every 1000ft above sea level. Always greater than IAS
GS
Ground speed - corrected for wind - headwind decreases GS. GS = IAS - headwind.
When does throttle icing occur and why?
The most severe icing occurs at mild temperatures (around 16℃) with high humidity (above 50%) and at low power settings, particularly on descent.
Low power setting means butterfly valve is more closed, a restriction is created between the butterfly valve and the barrel of the carburettor, this acts like a Venturi and the air cools down. ice forms on the rear side of the valve and can jam it.
When does fuel evaporation icing occur and how?
Forms at, and downstream from, the point that fuel is introduced into the carburettor. The cooling effect on the fuel air mixture by the fuel vaporization can cause the temperature in the Venturi restriction to fall below 0. This causes the moisture content of the air to freeze.
When does impact icing occur and how?
This is formed by the impact of moist air at temperatures between -10 degrees and 0 degrees on air scoops, throttle plates, heat valves, bends in the intake manifold, even the air intake itself. It usually forms when visible moisture such as rain, snow, sleet, or clouds are present. Rapid accumulation can be anticipated at 4 degrees Celsius. This type of icing can affect fuel injection systems as well as carburettor systems. It is also the main type of icing hazard for turbocharged engines.
Due point temp
Temp at which cloud condenses.
Icing indications
Gradual reduction in RPM at a constant throttle position.
Rough running of engine.
Icing cannot occur on the ground.
When does angle of descent become steeper
When drag increases faster than lift does - when flaps are extended and at low airspeed.
What is wake turbulence and how do you avoid it?
Refers to the disturbed air, including the vortices left behind a heavy aircraft in flight. It drifts with the wind and sinks below the flight path of the generating aircraft. If you take off before it, and climb steeper, you must remain above the vortices.
What does strength of vortices depend on?
The pressure difference between the top and bottom of the wing (lift generated) and time available for air to complete journey across wing tip. A heavy aircraft makes more lift and if it is flying slowly there is more time for air to spill across the wing tips.
What is QNH
Atmospheric pressure of the air at sea level at any given time or place.
Wind velocity
Wind moving from a high to low pressure system.
