membranes

Question 1

lipid:
large _____
all ______ (non-polar)

functions:
\_\_\_\_\_ storage
water \_\_\_\_\_
cell \_\_\_\_\_\_
some \_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 1

lipid:
large biological molecule
all hydrophobic (non-polar)

functions:
energy storage
water repellent
cell membrane
some hormones

Question 2

3 important types of lipids:
_____ 类固醇
_____
_______

Answer 2

3 important types of lipids:
steroids 类固醇
fats
phospholipids

Question 3

\_\_\_\_\_ have rings:
cell membrane (\_\_\_\_\_\_\_)
Without \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, cell membranes would be too fluid, not firm enough, and too permeable to some molecules.
hormones (sex hormones)
carbon rings

Answer 3

steroids have rings:
cell membrane (cholesterol)
Without cholesterol, cell membranes would be too fluid, not firm enough, and too permeable to some molecules.
hormones (sex hormones)
carbon rings

Question 4

fat have ___ fatty acids:
store energy
3 fatty acids(long carbon skeleton)
bonded to glycerol-“triglyceride”

Answer 4

fat have 3 fatty acids:
store energy
3 fatty acids(long carbon skeleton)
bonded to glycerol-“triglyceride”

Question 5

fatty acids:
fatty acids \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_\_\_
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_:
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
straight
unsaturated:
double bonds
kinks

Answer 5

fatty acids:
fatty acids saturated or unsaturated
saturated:
no double bonds
straight
unsaturated:
double bonds
kinks

Question 6

________ fats are solid at room temperature, while ___________ fats are liquid at room temperature.

__________ fats have double bonds, which break up the chain of hydrogen molecules and create gaps, allowing the fats to liquefy at room temperature

Answer 6

Saturated饱和 fats are solid at room temperature, while unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.

Unsaturated不饱和 fats have double bonds, which break up the chain of hydrogen molecules and create gaps, allowing the fats to liquefy at room temperature

Question 7

_________ fat is found mainly in animal foods – meat and dairy products are often high in ________ fat

Baked goods and fried foods can be high in _________ fat because they are made with ingredients loaded with _________ fats, such as butter, cream and lard

Foods with saturated fats may also be high in dietary cholesterol胆固醇

Answer 7

Saturated fat is found mainly in animal foods – meat and dairy products are often high in saturated fat

Baked goods and fried foods can be high in saturated fat because they are made with ingredients loaded with saturated fats, such as butter, cream and lard

Foods with saturated fats may also be high in dietary cholesterol胆固醇

Question 8

__________ fats are found in plant foods and fish – monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are unsaturated fats
Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat are both unsaturated fats. “Poly” means many unsaturated chemical bonds and “mono” means one unsaturated chemical bond
Oily fish – salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and trout – contain a type of unsaturated fat called omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 8

Unsaturated fats are found in plant foods and fish – monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats are unsaturated fats
Polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat are both unsaturated fats. “Poly” means many unsaturated chemical bonds and “mono” means one unsaturated chemical bond
Oily fish – salmon, tuna, mackerel, herring and trout – contain a type of unsaturated fat called omega-3 fatty acids

Question 9

_______ have ___ fatty acids-
make up cell membranes
2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol and phosphate group
phosphate group neg charge

Answer 9

phospholipids have 2 fatty acids-
make up cell membranes
2 fatty acids bonded to glycerol and phosphate group
phosphate group neg charge

Question 10

cell membrane are _____
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails prevent packing, enhancing membrane fluidity, saturated hydrocarbon tails pack together, increasing membrane viscosity

Answer 10

cell membrane are fluid
unsaturated hydrocarbon tails prevent packing, enhancing membrane fluidity, saturated hydrocarbon tails pack together, increasing membrane viscosity

Question 11

diffusion:
movement of particles from areas of ____ to ____ concentration:
particle identity matters

Answer 11

diffusion:
movement of particles from areas of high to low concentration:
particle identity matters

Question 12

______:
water movement across semipermeable membrane (like cell membrane)
total solute concentration matters

Answer 12

osmosis:
water movement across semipermeable membrane (like cell membrane)
total solute concentration matters

Question 13

some chemicals can diffuse across a lipid bilayer and others cannot

Answer 13

some chemicals can diffuse across a lipid bilayer and others cannot

Question 14

membrane contain protein
position of proteins:
_______
______(外面的，外围的)

Answer 14

membrane contain protein
position of proteins:
integral
peripheral(外面的，外围的)

Question 15

membrane protein function:

a) transport
b) ______ activity
c) signal transduction
d) ______ recognition
e) _______ joining
f) attachment to the ________ and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Answer 15

membrane protein function:

a) transport
b) enzymatic activity
c) signal transduction
d) cell-cell recognition
e) intercellular joining
f) attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 16

simple diffusion:
no protein
no energy(passive)-solutes move down concentration gradient(high to low)

movement of gasses
between _____ and blood

Answer 16

simple diffusion:
no protein
no energy(passive)-solutes move down concentration gradient(high to low)

movement of gasses:oxygen,CO2
between lings and blood

Question 17

facilitated diffusion
protein
no energy(passive)
can be selective, respond to stimulus

________
kidney-filter
ion channels in ______ system
glucose transporter

Answer 17

facilitated diffusion
protein
no energy(passive)
can be selective, respond to stimulus

glucose, sodium ions, and potassium ions
aquaporins
kidney-filter

Question 18

active transport
protein
require energy-solutes pumped up concentration gradient (low to high) using ATP

ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that releases energy when a chemical bond is broken

eg:
sodium-potassium pump(Na+/K+- ATPase)
Animal cells need more potassium and less sodium
Moving ions changes charge
Neurotransmitters, muscle contraction, heart function

Answer 18

active transport
protein
require energy-solutes pumped up concentration gradient (low to high) using ATP

ATP(Adenosine triphosphate) is a molecule that releases energy when a chemical bond is broken

eg:
sodium-potassium pump(Na+/K+- ATPase)
Animal cells need more potassium and less sodium
Moving ions changes charge
Neurotransmitters, muscle contraction, heart function

Question 19

lipids are all hydrophobic, there are 3 types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids

Answer 19

lipids are all hydrophobic, there are 3 types of lipids: fats, phospholipids, steroids

Question 20

fats are made up of 3 fatty acids that may be saturated (stright with single bonds) or unsaturated (kinky with double bonds) and function to store energy

Answer 20

fats are made up of 3 fatty acids that may be saturated (stright with single bonds) or unsaturated (kinky with double bonds) and function to store energy

Question 21

________ are made up 2 fatty acids and a __________-, this structure gives them a ______ head and a ________ tail, they form the bilayer that surrounds a cell

Answer 21

phospholipids are made up 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group, this structure gives them a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail, they form the bilayer that surrounds a cell

Question 22

fludity of the cell membrane depends on the composition of phospholipids

Answer 22

fludity of the cell membrane depends on the composition of phospholipids

Question 23

In ________, small nonpolar and hydrophobic molecules move across the cell membrane without proteins or energy

Answer 23

In simple diffusion, small nonpolar and hydrophobic molecules move across the cell membrane without proteins or energy

Question 24

In __________, proteins move molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, does not require energy.

Answer 24

In facilitated diffusion, proteins move molecules across the cell membrane from high to low concentration, does not require energy.

Question 25

In __________, proteins pump molecules across the cell membrane from low to high concentration using energy (ATP)

Answer 25

In active transport, proteins pump molecules across the cell membrane from low to high concentration using energy (ATP)