cellular respiration Flashcards
why is metabolism important?
chemical reactions transform ______ and energy
need for organism to function
why is metabolism important?
chemical reactions transform matter and energy
need for organism to function
2 forms of metabolism:
________:
break down molecules
release energy
e.g-cellular respiration
_______:
build molecules
consume energy
e.g-synthesis of proteins from amino acids
2 forms of metabolism:
catabolism:
break down molecules
release energy
e.g-cellular respiration
anabolism:
build molecules
consume energy
e.g-synthesis of proteins from amino acids
_____ processes may need oxygen or not
catabolic processes may need oxygen or not
all _________ need aerobic respiration
__________+_______—-_______+____+_____
organic compounds+oxygen—-carbon dioxide+water+energy
organic compounds:
_____, ______, ______
simpler _________(sugars) provide most energy for metabolism
organic compounds:
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates
simpler carbohydrates(sugars) provide most energy for metabolism
complex carbs:
_____ material and energy storage
complex carbs:
structural material and energy storage
3 stages of cellular (aerobic) respiration produce different amounts of energy
______ 2 ATP
________ (Krebs cycle) 2 ATP
___________ (electron transport and chemiosmosis)
3 stages of cellular (aerobic) respiration produce different amounts of energy
glycolysis 2 ATP
Citric acid cycle(Krebs cycle) 2 ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)
______ is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient. An example of this would be the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane during cellular respiration or photosynthesis.
ATP is the energy currency of cells: molecule nucleotide in RNA Phosphate groups all neg.(repel) \_\_\_\_\_\_ Hydrolysis (add H2O) releases energy
ATP is the energy currency of cells: molecule nucleotide in RNA Phosphate groups all neg.(repel) Unstable Hydrolysis (add H2O) releases energy
ATP can be used to perform work
when ATP is converted to ADP (____ phosphate group), through reaction coupling it can
make_______ by adding phosphate group(chemical)
change _________, move stuff across membrane(transport)
change protein shape, move along cytoskeleton(mechanical)
ATP can be used to perform work
when ATP is converted to ADP (loses phosphate group), through reaction coupling it can
make molecule unstable by adding phosphate group(chemical)
change protein shape, move stuff across membrane(transport)
change protein shape, move along cytoskeleton(mechanical)
34 percent of energy from food is transferred to ATP in cellular respiration
34 percent of energy from food is transferred to ATP in cellular respiration
ATP is produced by many oxidation reduction(redox)
______ reactions=transferring electrons
transferring electrons releases stored energy
______=substance loses electrons
______=substance gains electrons
Lose electrons is ______
Gain electrons is ______
ATP is produced by many oxidation reduction(redox)
redox reactions=transferring electrons
transferring electrons releases stored energy
oxidation=substance loses electrons
reduction=substance gains electrons
Lose electrons is oxidation
Gain electrons is reduction
Goal of cellular respiration is to make ATP
many steps
transfer electrons(and hydrogen ions)
enzymes
electron acceptor molecules store electrons
cash in electrons to make ATP
Goal of cellular respiration is to make ATP
many steps
transfer electrons(and hydrogen ions)
enzymes
electron acceptor molecules store electrons
cash in electrons to make ATP
FAD and NAH+ accept and transfer electrons
FAD —- FADH2
NAD+ —- NADH (2 electrons, hydrogen ion)
FAD and NAH+ accept and transfer electrons
FAD —- FADH2
NAD+ —- NADH (2 electrons, hydrogen ion)
simpler carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharide) provide ______ for metabolism while complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) _____ or ________
simpler carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharide) provide energy for metabolism while complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides) store energy or provide structural support to organisms
all organisms perform _________ to harvest energy from ________
all organisms perform cellular respiration to harvest energy from organic molecules
_________ makes energy available to do cellular work through the conversion of organic compound and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.
aerobic respiration makes energy available to do cellular work through the conversion of organic compound and oxygen into carbon dioxide and water.
There are 3 stages of respiration, some produce considerably more_______ (in the form of ATP) than others.
There are 3 stages of respiration, some produce considerably more energy (in the form of ATP) than others.
NAD+ and FADH accept electrons, storing energy, that is eventually transferred to be converted to _____
NAD+ and FADH accept electrons, storing energy, that is eventually transferred to be converted to ATP
The energy to make ATP comes from oxidation-reduction reactions (catalyzed by enzymes) where _____ are transferred
The energy to make ATP comes from oxidation-reduction reactions (catalyzed by enzymes) where electrons are transferred
Glycolysis: glucose to 2 molecules of \_\_\_\_\_ place:\_\_\_\_\_\_ O2 \_\_\_\_\_\_ Net in: Glucose NAD+ Net out: Pyruvate H2O NADH 2ATP
Glycolysis:
glucose to 2 molecules of pyruvate
cytoplasm
O2 present or not
Net in: Glucose NAD+ Net out: Pyruvate H2O NADH 2ATP
At the end of the _________ in the mitochondria, electrons are donated to oxygen (O2), which combines with _______ ions to form water. Without the O2 molecules to accept the electrons, the electron transport chain couldn’t function.
At the end of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria, electrons are donated to oxygen (O2), which combines with hydrogen ions to form water. Without the O2 molecules to accept the electrons, the electron transport chain couldn’t function.
Glycolysis needs _______ to accept electrons as part of a specific reaction. If there’s NAD+ it’s all stuck in its NADH this reaction can’t happen and glycolysis will come to a halt. So, all cells need a way to turn NAD+ to keep glycolysis going.
There are two basic ways of accomplishing this. When ______ is present, NADH can pass its electrons into the electron transport chain, regenerating NAD+ for use in glycolysis.
When oxygen is absent, cells may use other, simpler pathways to regenerate NAD+. In these pathways, NADH _______ to an acceptor molecule in a reaction that doesn’t make ATP but does regenerate NAD+ o glycolysis can continue. This process is called fermentation, and you can learn more about it in the fermentation videos.
Glycolysis needsNAD+ to accept electrons as part of a specific reaction. If there’s NAD+ it’s all stuck in its NADH this reaction can’t happen and glycolysis will come to a halt. So, all cells need a way to turn NAD+ to keep glycolysis going.
There are two basic ways of accomplishing this. When oxygen is present,NADH can pass its electrons into the electron transport chain, regenerating NAD+ for use in glycolysis.
When oxygen is absent, cells may use other, simpler pathways to regenerate NAD+. In these pathways, NADH donates its electrons to an acceptor molecule in a reaction that doesn’t make ATO but does regenerate NAD+ o glycolysis can continue. This process is called fermentation, and you can learn more about it in the fermentation videos.
