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Biology > Meiosis and reproduction > Flashcards

Meiosis and reproduction Flashcards

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0
Q

How many sets of genes does a gamete have to have have?

A

One

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1
Q

The offspring of two parents obtain a single copy of every____ from each parent.

A

Gene

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2
Q

Where are genes located?

A

On chromosomes

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3
Q

What is a pair of corresponding chromosomes called?

A

Homozygous

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4
Q

The gametes of sexually reproducing organisms are?

Haploid or diploid

A

Haploid

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5
Q

During what stage does crossing over occur between tetrads?

Meiosis I or Meiosis II

A

Meiosis I

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6
Q

Specifically what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur in?

A

Prophase I

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7
Q

If a cell has 16 chromosomes when entering meiosis, how any will the daughter cells have?

A

8

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8
Q

During what stage of development do changes in gender begin to occur?

A

During the seventh week

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9
Q

Where does puberty start?

A

In your brain

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10
Q

What does the brain do to start puberty?

A

It tells the pituitary gland it to begin to produce follicle-stimulating hormone’s (FSH) and lutenizing hormones (LH).

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11
Q

Where are the male reproductive organs?

A

They are contained within the scrotum.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the penis?

A

It delivers sperm to the female reproductive system.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of the Van Deferens?

A

It is the tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the urethra?

A

It is the tube that carries both the sperm and urine (not at the same time) out of the body.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the seminal vesicle and the prostate gland?

A

It produces seminal fluid which nourishes and protects the sperm from the acidic female environment.

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the sperm?

A

They contain DNA and when paired with and egg the form a zygote.

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17
Q

What are the three parts of a sperm, and what do these parts do?

A
  • Head – contains DNA, and enzymes that allow entry into the egg
  • Midpiece – contains energy releasing mitochondria
  • tail – provides locomotion
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18
Q

What is a sperm tail an example of?

A

Flagella

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19
Q

What is the purpose of the ovaries?

A

They are the female reproductive organs that produce eggs.

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20
Q

What is the purpose of the fallopian tubes?

A

They carry the egg to the uterus and fertilization occurs within them.

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21
Q

What is another name for the fallopian tubes?

A

The oviducts

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the uterus?

A

It is a hollow muscular organ that acts as the womb.

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23
Q

What is the purpose of the cervix?

A

Is the opening of the uterus and also steals it.

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24
Q

What is the purpose of the vagina?

A

It is the birth canal.

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25
Q

What is a zygote?

A

A fertilized egg.

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26
Q

What happens after a single sperm enters an egg?

A

A barrier is produced around the egg to keep others sperm out.

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27
Q

Where does fertilization occur?

A

In the fallopian tubes.

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28
Q

What does the zygote form as it goes through mitosis?

A

A ball of totipotent cells called the morula.

29
Q

After about 4 days the zygote becomes a hollow ball of cells called the____.

A

blastocyst

30
Q

6–7 days after fertilization the___attaches to the uterus wall. This is called___.

A

Blastocyst, implantation

31
Q

In the blastocyst, the outer ring of cells will become the____ and the inter clump will become the____.

A

Placenta, embryo

32
Q

What is an embryo?

A

A development stage that the zygote goes through in which cells become more specialized.

33
Q

What is differentiation?

A

A process by which cells become more specialized.

34
Q

When does differentiation occur?

A

After implantation.

35
Q

What are totipotent cells?

A

Cells that can develop into any type of body cell and cells of the extra-embryonic.

36
Q

What are pluripotent cells?

A

Cells that can develop into many types of cells but not every type.

37
Q

Are the inner cells of an embryo pluripotent or totipotent?

A

Pluripotent

38
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells develop.

39
Q

What are the two types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

40
Q

Are embryonic stem cells pluripotent or multipotent?

A

They are pluripotent.

41
Q

Are adult stem cells pluripotent or multipotent?

A

They are multipotent.

42
Q

What is the difference between adults stem cells and embryonic stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells have the ability to become any type of cell, while adults stem cells are more specialized and just replace old cells.

43
Q

What are the benefits of stem cell research?

A

The cells could be used to repair or replace damaged cells.

44
Q

What are the ethical issues with embryonic stem cell research.

A

With embryonic stem cell research there are many issues due to the fact that harvesting the cells destroys an embryo.

45
Q

What are the two solutions to make stem cell research more ethical?

A
  • New techniques that would allow cells to be removed without harming the embryo.
  • reprogramming adults stem cells to become pluripotent.
46
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

It is when cells differentiate into three germ layers.

47
Q

What are the three germ layers created by gastrulation?

A
  • endoderm- the lining of organs
  • ectoderm- the skin and nervous system
  • mesoderm- muscles, the skeletal system, and gonads
48
Q

What is nuerulation?

A

The formation of the nervous system.

49
Q

What is the first thing that is formed during nuerulation?

A

The neural tube, which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord.

50
Q

What is the placenta?

A

An organ that connects the mother and the embryo.

51
Q

What is the purpose of the umbilical cord?

A

It contains blood vessels that attach the embryo to the placenta.

52
Q

What is the purpose of the amniotic sac (amnion)?

A

Is a membrane that surrounds the embryo and contains amniotic fluid.

53
Q

After about eight weeks of development the embryo is called a ____?

A

Fetus

54
Q

What happens during the first trimester?

A
  • most of the major organs and tissues are already formed
  • The baby moves and has reflexes
  • The embryo become a fetus
55
Q

When does the second trimester occur?

A

4–6 months into pregnancy.

56
Q

What happens during the second trimester?

A
  • tissue becomes more complex and specialized
  • The heartbeat is detectable
  • bone continues to replace cartilage
  • hair is visible
  • movement is felt by the mother
57
Q

When does the third trimester occur?

A

7–9 months into pregnancy.

58
Q

What happens during the third trimester?

A
  • The organs mature
  • The fetus grows in size and mass
  • The lungs prepare for air
  • The baby is able to regulate their own body temperature
  • The CNS (central nervous system) fully develops
59
Q

What are the organs were sperm is produced called?

A

The testis

60
Q

What is a baby in the womb called?

A

A fetus

61
Q

What are the contractions before childbirth triggered by?

A

A hormone called Oxytocin

62
Q

What does the term after birth mean?

A

It is when the placenta and amniotic sac are released from the uterus.

63
Q

What are the tiny tubes that sperm are made in called?

A

Seminiferous tubules

64
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

Each replicated chromosome pairs up with its corresponding homologous chromosome.

A

Prophase I

65
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

Crossing-over occurs between tetrads.

A

Prophase I

66
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

Paired homologous chromosomes line up across the center (equator) of the cell.

A

Metaphase I

67
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

Spindle fibers pull each pair of homologous chromosomes towards an opposite end of the cell.

A

Anaphase I

68
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes, and cytokinesis follows forming 2 new cells.

A

Telophase I

69
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

Chromosomes consist of two chromatids, but they do not pair to form tetrads.

A

Prophase II

70
Q

What stage of meiosis I or meiosis II does this occur in?

A nuclear membrane forms around each cluster of chromosomes, and cytokinesis follows forming 4 new cells.

A

Telophase II

Biology (11 decks)

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