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Biology > Darwin and Evolution > Flashcards

Darwin and Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

How long did Darwin travel on the ship?

A

5 years

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2
Q

What where Darwin’s 3 main observations?

A
  • species vary globally
  • species vary locally
  • species vary overtime (fossils)
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3
Q

What did Darwin find on the Galápagos Islands?

A

Land tortoises

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4
Q

What varied among the tortoises from different islands?

A

Their shells

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5
Q

What varied between the finches on each island?

A

Their beaks

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6
Q

What did James Hutton do?

A

He proposed that the earth is shaped by geological forces that occur slowly.

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7
Q

What is another name for James Hutton’s theory?

A

Gradualism

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8
Q

What did Thomas Malthus do?

A

He was an economist that wrote a book stating that babies are being born faster than people are dying.

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9
Q

What was Thomas Malthus’s theory?

A

That if people are being born faster than they are dying eventually we will run out of resources.

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10
Q

What is exponential growth?

A

A large increase in the population.

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11
Q

Define point of crisis.

A

The point where resources run out and the population levels off.

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12
Q

Define carrying capacity.

A

The maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support.

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13
Q

Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamark?

A

In 1809 he developed a hypothesis that acquired traits could be passed from parents to offspring.

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14
Q

What are acquired traits?

A

A trait that you aren’t born with, but one that you learn.

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15
Q

What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark’s theory called?

A

The theory of use and disuse.

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16
Q

Is Jean-Baptiste Lamark’s theory correct?

A

No

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17
Q

What did Charles Lyell suggest?

A

Uniformitarianism

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18
Q

What is uniformitarianism?

A

It says that you must explain past events with processes that we can observe now.

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19
Q

What were the two main things Darwin learn?

A
  1. If the earth changes, animals my to

2. Is living things do change, it takes a long time

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20
Q

Who was Alfred Wallace?

A

A naturalist, that in 1858 sent Darwin a report containing his idea of evolution.

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21
Q

True or False?

Darwin’s idea of evolution was nearly identical to Wallace’s.

A

True

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22
Q

What was the name of Darwin’s book?

A

The Origin of Species .

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23
Q

What does natural selection cause?

A

No two organisms to be exactly the same or equal.

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24
Q

What is an adaption?

A

Any inheritable characteristic that allows organisms to survive and reproduce.

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25
Q

What does the theory of descent with modifications say?

A

Each living species has descended with changes from another species overtime.

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26
Q

What does a bell curve mean?

A

Natural selection is not occurring.

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27
Q

What is directional selection?

A

When the environment chooses one extreme form of a trait.

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28
Q

What does directional selection’s graph look like?

A

It is either extremely high or low.

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29
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

When the environment uses both extremes of a trait.

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30
Q

What does disruptive selection’s graph look like?

A

One extremely high and one extremely low.

31
Q

What does the Hardy-Weinburg principle assume?

A

That evolution does not occur (genetic equilibrium).

32
Q

What are the conditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinburg principle to work?

A
  • random mating
  • large population
  • no migration
  • no natural selection
  • no mutations
33
Q

Is it possible for the conditions that the Hardy-Weinburg principle requires to occur?

A

No

34
Q

What is the equation for the Hardy-Weinburg principle?

A

p2+2pq+q2=1

35
Q

What does p+q equal?

A

1

36
Q

What does p equal?

A

The frequency of allele A.

37
Q

What does q equal?

A

The frequency of allele a.

38
Q

What does p2 equal?

A

The frequency of individual AA.

39
Q

What does q2 equal?

A

The frequency of individual aa.

40
Q

What does 2pq equal?

A

The frequency of individual Aa.

41
Q

What are the four factors that affect evolution?

A
  • natural selection
  • mutations
  • genetic drift
  • migration
42
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

When chance events alter allele frequency.

43
Q

What is another name for genetic drift?

A

The bottleneck effect

44
Q

True or false

Genetic drift affects large populations more than small.

A

False, it effects small populations more than large.

45
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Organisms, after a disaster, that rebuild a population.

46
Q

What is another name for migration?

A

Gene flow

47
Q

What are the 7 “proofs” of evolution?

A
  • The fossil record
  • Geographic distribution
  • vestigial structures
  • homologous structures
  • analogous structures
  • embryology
  • molecular biology
48
Q

What is geographic distribution?

A

Pangea moving apart

49
Q

What are Vestigial structures?

A

Structures that no longer have a function in organisms.

50
Q

What are analogous structures?

A

Similar structures in organisms that didn’t evolve from a common ancestor

51
Q

Why do scientist think analogous structures occurred?

A

Similar habitats

52
Q

What is speciation?

A

Process by which a new species is formed.

53
Q

What are the 3 types of reproductive isolation?

A
  1. Reproduction isolation
  2. Geographic isolation
  3. Temporal isolation
54
Q

What is an example of behavioral isolation?

A

Mating dances

55
Q

What is an example of temporal isolation?

A

Different mating times (deals with time).

56
Q

What are the three patterns of evolution?

A
  • adaptive radiation
  • convergent evolution
  • coevolution
57
Q

Is another name for adaptive radiation?

A

Divergent evolution

58
Q

What is adaptive radiation?

A

occurs when a single species evolves into many different species due to natural selection.

59
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

Unrelated species evolve to look similar due to similar habitats

60
Q

Is Coevolution?

A

Two species evolve in response to changes in each other overtime.

-ex. Butterflys and flowers

61
Q

What are the two rates of evolution?

A
  • gradualism

* punctuated equilibrium

62
Q

What is Gradualism?

A

Species evolve at a slow, steady rate overtime.

63
Q

What is punctuated equilibrium?

A

Species stay the same for long periods of time and then undergo “rapid” change

64
Q

What is a molecular clock?

A

It uses mutation rates in DNA sequences to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently.

65
Q

What are neutral mutations?

A

They are mutations that accumulate overtime at about the same rate in all species, they have no effect.

66
Q

What can you use neutral mutations to do?

A

Determine the amount of time that has passed since two species split.

67
Q

Where did all these genes come from?

A
  1. Unequal swapping of DNA during crossing over.

2. Modification of existing genes

68
Q

Charles Darwin was a naturalist on what?

A

A ship, the HMS Beagle.

69
Q

What are the two main topics that Darwin’s discussed in his book, the origin of species?

A
  • natural selection

* decent with modification’s

70
Q

What does it mean for a population to be in genetic equilibrium?

A

The frequency an allele doesn’t change between generations.

71
Q

What are the conditions required for natural selection to occur?

A
  • variation
  • reproduction
  • the traits must be inherited
72
Q

Why does genetic drift affect small populations more than large?

A

The fewer organisms there are, the easier it is for one type of trait to be completely eliminated from the population.

73
Q

How can hox genes lead to evolution?

A

Hox genes determine the growth of arms, legs, ect. and their sizes, changes in these can result in new animals.

74
Q

What are homologous structures?

A

Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor.

Biology (11 decks)

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