Darwin and Evolution

Question 1

How long did Darwin travel on the ship?

Answer 1

5 years

Question 2

What where Darwin’s 3 main observations?

Answer 2

• species vary globally
• species vary locally
• species vary overtime (fossils)

Question 3

What did Darwin find on the Galápagos Islands?

Answer 3

Land tortoises

Question 4

What varied among the tortoises from different islands?

Answer 4

Their shells

Question 5

What varied between the finches on each island?

Answer 5

Their beaks

Question 6

What did James Hutton do?

Answer 6

He proposed that the earth is shaped by geological forces that occur slowly.

Question 7

What is another name for James Hutton’s theory?

Answer 7

Gradualism

Question 8

What did Thomas Malthus do?

Answer 8

He was an economist that wrote a book stating that babies are being born faster than people are dying.

Question 9

What was Thomas Malthus’s theory?

Answer 9

That if people are being born faster than they are dying eventually we will run out of resources.

Question 10

What is exponential growth?

Answer 10

A large increase in the population.

Question 11

Define point of crisis.

Answer 11

The point where resources run out and the population levels off.

Question 12

Define carrying capacity.

Answer 12

The maximum number of individuals that an ecosystem can support.

Question 13

Who was Jean-Baptiste Lamark?

Answer 13

In 1809 he developed a hypothesis that acquired traits could be passed from parents to offspring.

Question 14

What are acquired traits?

Answer 14

A trait that you aren’t born with, but one that you learn.

Question 15

What was Jean-Baptiste Lamark’s theory called?

Answer 15

The theory of use and disuse.

Question 16

Is Jean-Baptiste Lamark’s theory correct?

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What did Charles Lyell suggest?

Answer 17

Uniformitarianism

Question 18

What is uniformitarianism?

Answer 18

It says that you must explain past events with processes that we can observe now.

Question 19

What were the two main things Darwin learn?

Answer 19

1. If the earth changes, animals my to

2. Is living things do change, it takes a long time

Question 20

Who was Alfred Wallace?

Answer 20

A naturalist, that in 1858 sent Darwin a report containing his idea of evolution.

Question 21

True or False?

Darwin’s idea of evolution was nearly identical to Wallace’s.

Answer 21

True

Question 22

What was the name of Darwin’s book?

Answer 22

The Origin of Species .

Question 23

What does natural selection cause?

Answer 23

No two organisms to be exactly the same or equal.

Question 24

What is an adaption?

Answer 24

Any inheritable characteristic that allows organisms to survive and reproduce.

Question 25

What does the theory of descent with modifications say?

Answer 25

Each living species has descended with changes from another species overtime.

Question 26

What does a bell curve mean?

Answer 26

Natural selection is not occurring.

Question 27

What is directional selection?

Answer 27

When the environment chooses one extreme form of a trait.

Question 28

What does directional selection's graph look like?

Answer 28

It is either extremely high or low.

Question 29

What is disruptive selection?

Answer 29

When the environment uses both extremes of a trait.

Question 30

What does disruptive selection's graph look like?

Answer 30

One extremely high and one extremely low.

Question 31

What does the Hardy-Weinburg principle assume?

Answer 31

That evolution does not occur (genetic equilibrium).

Question 32

What are the conditions that must be met for the Hardy-Weinburg principle to work?

Answer 32

* random mating * large population * no migration * no natural selection * no mutations

Question 33

Is it possible for the conditions that the Hardy-Weinburg principle requires to occur?

Answer 33

No

Question 34

What is the equation for the Hardy-Weinburg principle?

Answer 34

p2+2pq+q2=1

Question 35

What does p+q equal?

Answer 35

1

Question 36

What does p equal?

Answer 36

The frequency of allele A.

Question 37

What does q equal?

Answer 37

The frequency of allele a.

Question 38

What does p2 equal?

Answer 38

The frequency of individual AA.

Question 39

What does q2 equal?

Answer 39

The frequency of individual aa.

Question 40

What does 2pq equal?

Answer 40

The frequency of individual Aa.

Question 41

What are the four factors that affect evolution?

Answer 41

* natural selection * mutations * genetic drift * migration

Question 42

What is genetic drift?

Answer 42

When chance events alter allele frequency.

Question 43

What is another name for genetic drift?

Answer 43

The bottleneck effect

Question 44

True or false Genetic drift affects large populations more than small.

Answer 44

False, it effects small populations more than large.

Question 45

What is the founder effect?

Answer 45

Organisms, after a disaster, that rebuild a population.

Question 46

What is another name for migration?

Answer 46

Gene flow

Question 47

What are the 7 "proofs" of evolution?

Answer 47

* The fossil record * Geographic distribution * vestigial structures * homologous structures * analogous structures * embryology * molecular biology

Question 48

What is geographic distribution?

Answer 48

Pangea moving apart

Question 49

What are Vestigial structures?

Answer 49

Structures that no longer have a function in organisms.

Question 50

What are analogous structures?

Answer 50

Similar structures in organisms that didn't evolve from a common ancestor

Question 51

Why do scientist think analogous structures occurred?

Answer 51

Similar habitats

Question 52

What is speciation?

Answer 52

Process by which a new species is formed.

Question 53

What are the 3 types of reproductive isolation?

Answer 53

1. Reproduction isolation 2. Geographic isolation 3. Temporal isolation

Question 54

What is an example of behavioral isolation?

Answer 54

Mating dances

Question 55

What is an example of temporal isolation?

Answer 55

Different mating times (deals with time).

Question 56

What are the three patterns of evolution?

Answer 56

* adaptive radiation * convergent evolution * coevolution

Question 57

Is another name for adaptive radiation?

Answer 57

Divergent evolution

Question 58

What is adaptive radiation?

Answer 58

occurs when a single species evolves into many different species due to natural selection.

Question 59

What is convergent evolution?

Answer 59

Unrelated species evolve to look similar due to similar habitats

Question 60

Is Coevolution?

Answer 60

Two species evolve in response to changes in each other overtime. -ex. Butterflys and flowers

Question 61

What are the two rates of evolution?

Answer 61

* gradualism | * punctuated equilibrium

Question 62

What is Gradualism?

Answer 62

Species evolve at a slow, steady rate overtime.

Question 63

What is punctuated equilibrium?

Answer 63

Species stay the same for long periods of time and then undergo "rapid" change

Question 64

What is a molecular clock?

Answer 64

It uses mutation rates in DNA sequences to estimate the time that two species have been evolving independently.

Question 65

What are neutral mutations?

Answer 65

They are mutations that accumulate overtime at about the same rate in all species, they have no effect.

Question 66

What can you use neutral mutations to do?

Answer 66

Determine the amount of time that has passed since two species split.

Question 67

Where did all these genes come from?

Answer 67

1. Unequal swapping of DNA during crossing over. | 2. Modification of existing genes

Question 68

Charles Darwin was a naturalist on what?

Answer 68

A ship, the HMS Beagle.

Question 69

What are the two main topics that Darwin's discussed in his book, the origin of species?

Answer 69

* natural selection | * decent with modification's

Question 70

What does it mean for a population to be in genetic equilibrium?

Answer 70

The frequency an allele doesn't change between generations.

Question 71

What are the conditions required for natural selection to occur?

Answer 71

* variation * reproduction * the traits must be inherited

Question 72

Why does genetic drift affect small populations more than large?

Answer 72

The fewer organisms there are, the easier it is for one type of trait to be completely eliminated from the population.

Question 73

How can hox genes lead to evolution?

Answer 73

Hox genes determine the growth of arms, legs, ect. and their sizes, changes in these can result in new animals.

Question 74

What are homologous structures?

Answer 74

Structures that are shared by related species and that have been inherited from a common ancestor.