Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > DNA And RNA > Flashcards

DNA And RNA Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What happened when Griffith injected mice with a mixture of heat killed, pneumonia causing bacteria and live bacteria of the harmless type?

A

The mice died.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What happen when Griffith injected mice with the pneumonia causing strain of bacteria that had been heat killed?

A

The mice lived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Griffith call the process where the heat kill bacteria gave the disease to the harmless bacteria.

A

Transformation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What experiments did Avery do?

A

He injected different enzymes that destroyed certain molecules into different strains of pneumonia causing bacteria. The only mouse that lived was the one given the DNA destroying enzyme.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did Avery conclude?

A

That DNA stores in transmits genetic information from one generation to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was the purpose of Oswald Avery’s experiments?

A

He wanted to determine what molecule in the heat killed bacteria was responsible for the transformation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is a virus that infects bacteria?

A

A bacteriophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What did Hershey and Chase want to find out?

A

What part of the virus Internet bacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe Hershey and Chase’s experiment.

A
  • they grew viruses in cultures containing radioactive isotopes
  • this way they could trace for DNA and the protein
  • then they let it Infect the bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What did Hershey and Chase conclude?

A

The genetic material material of the bacteriophage was indeed DNA, not protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does a bacteriophage consist of?

A

A DNA or RNA core surrounded by a protein coat.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the lytic cycle.

A
  1. the bacteriophage attaches to the bacteria and injects its DNA
  2. The virus gets into the host cell, and all it wants to do is reproduce
  3. The viral genes then take over the bacteria and cause it to make virus parts
    • doesn’t kill the cell immediately
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the lysogenic cycle.

A
  1. The virus injects its DNA
  2. The viral DNA fuses with the bacterial DNA
  3. When the bacteria reproduces it copies the viral DNA
  4. Eventually the viral DNA triggers the cell to enter the Lytic cycle
    • The cell can re-enter the lysogenic cycle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

A polymer of subunits called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  • 5 carbon sugar
  • phosphate group
  • nitrogenous bases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a purine?

A

A nitrogenous base that contains two carbon rings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is example of a purine?

A

Adenine and guanine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

A nitrogenous base containing one carbon ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is an example of a pyrimidine?

A

Thymine and cytosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff discover?

A

That the percentages of guanine and cytosine were almost equal and any sample of DNA, the same thing applied to thymine and adenine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who were Wilkins and Franklin and what did they discover?

A

They were both scientists who were working independently with DNA diffraction, and they produced an image.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What did Watson and Crick discover?

A

They built a 3-D model of DNA, and using the work of Franklin and Wilkins they determine that DNA was a double helix and that the backbone of DNA consist of alternating sugar and phosphate, while nitrogenous bases form the “rungs” of the helix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What does the word bacteriophage mean?

A

Bacteria eaters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the seven parts of a bacteriophage?

A
  • head
  • DNA
  • neck
  • collar
  • sheath
  • tail fiber
  • base plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What holds DNA together?

A

Hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why is DNA so easy to replicate?

A

It’s structure is very simplistic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the shape of a eukaryotic chromosome?

A

X

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the shape of a prokaryotic chromosome?

A

O

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A

The DNA is “unzipped” by the enzyme helicase which breaks the hydrogen bonds in several locations called replication bubbles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase attaches to the old strands and “plugs” in the appropriate base pairs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the only way that DNA polymerase can move?

A

3’ to 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

True or false

The two DNA strands run in the same direction.

A

False, the DNA strands move in opposite directions and this is called anti-parallel.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the strand that gets copied in fragments called?

A

The lagging strand.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What are the fragments of DNA getting copied on the lagging strand called?

A

Okazaki fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What links together the Okazaki fragments?

A

DNA ligase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What proofreads the new strand of DNA?

A

A type of DNA polymerase

38
Q

What are telomeres?

A

Segments of non-coding DNA found at the end of DNA strands.

39
Q

What is the point of telomeres?

A

They prevent your DNA from “unraveling” and getting “cut off” when copied.

40
Q

What copies the telomeres?

A

Telomerase

41
Q

Describe DNA replication in prokaryotes.

A

Starts at a single point in proceeds in two directions.

42
Q

What is RNA?

A

A polymer made of subunits called nucleotides.

43
Q

What are the three differences between DNA and RNA?

A
  1. DNA is a double helix while RNA is a single strand.
  2. RNA replaces thymine with uracil.
  3. RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose.
44
Q

What are the three types of RNA?

A
  • mRNA (messenger RNA)
  • tRNA (transfer RNA)
  • rRNA (ribosomal RNA)
45
Q

What is the purpose of mRNA?

A

It copies the “recipe” from DNA so that proteins can be made.

46
Q

What is the purpose of tRNA?

A

Transfers amino acids to the ribosomes during protein production.

47
Q

What is the purpose of rRNA?

A

It makes up ribosomes.

48
Q

What is transcription?

A

The process by which mRNA copies the recipe from DNA.

49
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

The nucleus.

50
Q

What are Itron’s?

A

Non-coding sequences of DNA that are not part of the “recipe” and must be cut out.

51
Q

What “cuts out” the itrons?

A

Enzymes

52
Q

What are exons?

A

The coding sequences of DNA that are expressed.

53
Q

How many amino acids are there?

A

20

54
Q

How long can the “words” in the genetic code be?

A

3 “letters”

55
Q

What aw the “words” in the genetic code called?

A

Codons

56
Q

What are the “letters” in the genetic code?

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

What is translation?

A

The process by which tRNA “translates” the genetic code by delivering amino acids to the ribosome.

58
Q

Where does translation take place?

A

On the ribosome.

59
Q

List the steps of translation.

A
  • mRNA attaches to the P site of the small subunit of the ribosome.
  • The tRNA knows what amino acid to bring the mRNA because as anti-codons to pair up with the codons on the mRNA.
  • This allows the large subunit to attach making the ribosome functional.
  • another tRNA attaches to the next codon at the A site.
  • A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids.
  • The mRNA sifts over.
  • The original tRNA is now free to leave the E site.
  • The elongation process continues until a stop codon is reached.
60
Q

What is the initial amino acid and marks the beginning of the recipe?

A

AUG

61
Q

What is the P site.

A

Where proteins are being made.

62
Q

What is the A site.

A

Where amino acids are being delivered.

63
Q

What are proteins called?

A

Polypeptides

64
Q

What is the E site?

A

It is the exit site.

65
Q

What is a operon?

A

A group of genes that work together.

66
Q

How do you turn on the lac operon?

A

It is turned on by the presence of lactose

67
Q

How does the presence of lactose turn on the lac operon?

A

It has an active site that lactose attaches to. Lactose binds to represses which caused him to change shape and disconnect, leaving room for RNA polymerase to attach and begin protein synthesis.

68
Q

How does the lac operon turn off?

A

It is turned off by repressor proteins which attached to the operator, keeping RNA polymerase from caring out protein synthesis.

69
Q

What is an operator?

A

A sequence of nucleotides in front of the operon (part of the promoter).

70
Q

What is eukaryotic gene regulation controlled by?

A

Transcription factors

71
Q

Are eukaryotic genes controlled individually or all together?

A

Individually

72
Q

What helps control eukaryotic genes?

A

The TATA box

73
Q

What is the TATA box?

A

A sequence of about 30 nucleotides going TATATA or TATAAA.

74
Q

True or false

The TATA box is part of the promoter.

A

True

75
Q

What does the TATA box do?

A

It binds with a protein that helps RNA polymerase attach to the promoter.

76
Q

What do enhancer sequences do?

A

They help by looping DNA to bring transcription factors together.

77
Q

List three ways that transcription factors regulate the expression of genes.

A
  • attract RNA polymerase (on).
  • block RNA polymerase (off).
  • uncoil areas of DNA so they are accessible (on).
78
Q

List three ways to regulate the production of proteins.

A
  • keeping mRNA from leaving the nucleus
  • manipulating the stability of RNA
  • Breaking down proteins
79
Q

What is RNA interference (RNAi)?

A

Small segments of RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA) that are cut into sections called micro RNA (miRNA) by dicer enzymes.

80
Q

What is differentiation?

A

When, during embryonic development, cells become specialized.

81
Q

What are the master genes that control differentiation called?

A

Homeotic genes (hox genes)

82
Q

What is an example of differentiation being controlled by the environment?

A

Metamorphosis

83
Q

Who is givin credit for discovering the structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis crick

84
Q

What is the difference between an operon and an operator?

A

The operator is where the repressor protein attaches and an operon is a group of proteins that work together.

85
Q

What is the relationship between the TATA box and transcription factors?

A

Transcription factors attached to the TATA box to turn genes on/off.

86
Q

List the four enzymes involved in DNA replication and their functions.

A
  • helicase- “unzips” DNA
  • DNA polymerase- copies/ proofreads DNA
  • ligase- reconnects the okazaki fragments
  • telomerase- copies the telomerase
87
Q

What is a codon?

A

A sequence of three nucleotides that form a section of DNA or RNA.

88
Q

What is a promoter?

A

A region of a DNA molecule that forms the site at which transcription of a gene starts.

89
Q

What is the role of tRNA in translation?

A

They bring certain amino acids to the ribosome.

Biology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions