Cell Growth and Division

Question 0

What is asexual reproduction?

Answer 0

Reproduction that produce genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

Question 1

What is sexual reproduction?

Answer 1

Reproduction that produces genetically diverse offspring from 2 parents.

Question 2

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 2

Provides genetically diverse offspring and is good for changing environments.

Question 3

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 3

Reproduces faster and good for stable environments,

Question 4

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

Answer 4

Takes longer/you have to find a mate.

Question 5

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

Answer 5

In changing environments all of the individuals are equally susceptible to danger, ect.

Question 6

What is chromatin?

Answer 6

Uncoiled DNA and proteins.

Question 7

What does the DNA have to do before the cell can divide?

Answer 7

It has to be “packaged” into chromosomes.

Question 8

How are chromosomes are found in eukaryotes?

Answer 8

The DNA wrapped tightly around proteins called histones.

Question 9

When is the only time that chromosomes are visible?

Answer 9

During cell division.

Question 10

What type/how many chromosomes does a prokaryote have?

Answer 10

One circular chromosome.

Question 11

What type/how many chromosomes does a eukaryotes have?

Answer 11

It has multiple linear chromosomes.

Question 12

What are the three main parts of a chromosome?

Answer 12

The short arms, the long arms, and the centromere.

Question 13

How many chromosomes does a human have in each of their somatic cells?

Answer 13

46

Question 14

What is a somatic cell?

Answer 14

A body cell.

Question 15

How many chromosomes in a somatic cell are classified as autosomes?

Answer 15

44

Question 16

What is a homologous pair?

Answer 16

Chromosomes are the same size, shape, and contain genes for the same traits.

Question 17

How many chromosomes in a somatic cell are classified as sex chromosomes?

Answer 17

2

Question 18

What does a X and a X chromosome mean?

Answer 18

female

Question 19

What does a X and a Y chromosome mean?

Answer 19

Male

Question 20

Are somatic cells diploid or haploid?

Answer 20

They are diploid.

Question 21

How many chromosomes do sex cells have?

Answer 21

23

Question 22

Are sex cells diploid or haploid?

Answer 22

Haploid

Question 23

What does haploid mean?

Answer 23

The cell contains one set of chromosomes (N).

Question 24

What does diploid mean?

Answer 24

Cell contains two sets of chromosomes (2N).

Question 25

What happens during fertilization?

Answer 25

Sperm (23) + egg (23) = zygote (46)

Question 26

What are the three cycles of the cell cycle?

Answer 26

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

Question 27

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 27

Anaphase, metaphase, prophase, and telophase.

Question 28

What happens during anaphase?

Answer 28

Spindle fibers pull the centromeres apart allowing the sister chromatids to separate.

Question 29

What happens during telophase?

Answer 29

* The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform. * chromosomes uncoil into chromatin * spindle fibers break apart

Question 30

What happens during prophase?

Answer 30

• Chromatin coils to form chromosomes. • The nuclear envelope and the nucleosis begin to breakdown. • centrioles move to opposite poles and begin to produce spindle fibers. - spindle fibers attached to the centrosome of each chromosome - plant cells do this to even though they do not have centrioles

Question 31

What happens during metaphase?

Answer 31

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to line up in the center of the cell.

Question 32

What is the center of a cell called?

Answer 32

The equator.

Question 33

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

Answer 33

Interphase

Question 34

What are the three phases of interphase?

Answer 34

The G1phase, S phase, G2 phase.

Question 35

What happens during the G1 phase?

Answer 35

It is a period of growth and the cell does it's job.

Question 36

What happens during the S-phase?

Answer 36

DNA is copied

Question 37

What happens during the G2 phase?

Answer 37

The cell copies organelles and gets ready to divide.

Question 38

What is the G0 phase?

Answer 38

It is a non-dividing phase that cells can enter into.

Question 39

As a cell's size increases, its amount of DNA...

Answer 39

Does not increase

Question 40

The amount of activity in a cell is related to _____.

Answer 40

It's volume

Question 41

The smaller the cell, the ________ it's ratio of surface area to volume.

Answer 41

Greater

Question 42

What is the genetic structure consisting of DNA and a tightly wound protein.

Answer 42

Chromatid

Question 43

what are bead like structures formed by DNA wrapped around histosines molecules called?

Answer 43

Nucleosomes

Question 44

What is the name of the type of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 44

Binary fission

Question 45

What is cytokinesis?

Answer 45

The division of the cells cytoplasm

Question 46

What do cells tend to do when they come in contact with other cells?

Answer 46

They stop dividing

Question 47

Cell division ______ when the healing process nears completion.

Answer 47

Slows

Question 48

What are proteins called that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 48

Cyclin

Question 49

What are growth factors?

Answer 49

External regulatory proteins that slow down or speed up the cell cycle.

Question 50

What is apoptosis?

Answer 50

Cells self-destructing

Question 51

Describe the steps in apitosis.

Answer 51

1. The cell and chromatin shrink 2. Parts of the cell membrane break off 3. Neighboring cells digest the remains

Question 52

What is the definition of cancer?

Answer 52

A disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth.

Question 53

What are tumors?

Answer 53

A group of uncontrolled, growing cells that can lead to cancer

Question 54

What are the two types of tumors and describe them.

Answer 54

* Benign tumors- cells remain within the mass. | * Malignant tumors- cells invade and destroy healthy tissues elsewhere in the body.

Question 55

Which is worse a benign tumor or a malignant tumor?

Answer 55

A malignant tumor

Question 56

Define metastasis.

Answer 56

The spread of cancer from the original site.

Question 57

How is cancer categorized?

Answer 57

By the type of tissue it is effects.

Question 58

What are the three types of cancer?

Answer 58

Carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas.

Question 59

Define carcinoma.

Answer 59

The growth of cancer cells in skin and tissues that line the organs of the body.

Question 60

Define sarcoma.

Answer 60

The growth of cancer cells and bone and muscle tissues.

Question 61

Define lymphoma.

Answer 61

The growth of solid tumors that grow in the tissues that form blood cells (bone marrow).

Question 62

How long does cancer normally take to develop?

Answer 62

Several years unless s vital organ such as the liver or pancreas is involved

Question 63

What is the cause of cancer?

Answer 63

Mutations in genes that alter cell's growth factors.

Question 64

What are the two ways that mutation can occur?

Answer 64

They can occur spontaneously or because of carcinogens.

Question 65

What is a carcinogen?

Answer 65

Any substance that increases the risk of cancer.

Question 66

What are the three treatments to cancer?

Answer 66

* Surgery * Radiation * Chemotherapy

Question 67

Why are cells not larger?

Answer 67

1. They would become overloaded with information - not enough DNA to meet the demands of a large cell 2. Surface area to volume ratio issues - The cell wouldn't be able to get materials in and out fast enough

Question 68

What are the ABC's of recognizing tumors?

Answer 68

``` Asymmetry Border Color Diameter Evolving ```