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Biology > Cell Growth and Division > Flashcards

Cell Growth and Division Flashcards

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0
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that produce genetically identical offspring from a single parent.

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1
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that produces genetically diverse offspring from 2 parents.

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2
Q

What are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Provides genetically diverse offspring and is good for changing environments.

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3
Q

What are the advantages of asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduces faster and good for stable environments,

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4
Q

What are the disadvantages of sexual reproduction?

A

Takes longer/you have to find a mate.

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of asexual reproduction?

A

In changing environments all of the individuals are equally susceptible to danger, ect.

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6
Q

What is chromatin?

A

Uncoiled DNA and proteins.

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7
Q

What does the DNA have to do before the cell can divide?

A

It has to be “packaged” into chromosomes.

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8
Q

How are chromosomes are found in eukaryotes?

A

The DNA wrapped tightly around proteins called histones.

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9
Q

When is the only time that chromosomes are visible?

A

During cell division.

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10
Q

What type/how many chromosomes does a prokaryote have?

A

One circular chromosome.

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11
Q

What type/how many chromosomes does a eukaryotes have?

A

It has multiple linear chromosomes.

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12
Q

What are the three main parts of a chromosome?

A

The short arms, the long arms, and the centromere.

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13
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have in each of their somatic cells?

A

46

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14
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

A body cell.

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15
Q

How many chromosomes in a somatic cell are classified as autosomes?

A

44

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16
Q

What is a homologous pair?

A

Chromosomes are the same size, shape, and contain genes for the same traits.

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17
Q

How many chromosomes in a somatic cell are classified as sex chromosomes?

A

2

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18
Q

What does a X and a X chromosome mean?

A

female

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19
Q

What does a X and a Y chromosome mean?

A

Male

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20
Q

Are somatic cells diploid or haploid?

A

They are diploid.

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21
Q

How many chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

23

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22
Q

Are sex cells diploid or haploid?

A

Haploid

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23
Q

What does haploid mean?

A

The cell contains one set of chromosomes (N).

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24
Q

What does diploid mean?

A

Cell contains two sets of chromosomes (2N).

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25
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

Sperm (23) + egg (23) = zygote (46)

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26
Q

What are the three cycles of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.

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27
Q

What are the four phases of mitosis?

A

Anaphase, metaphase, prophase, and telophase.

28
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Spindle fibers pull the centromeres apart allowing the sister chromatids to separate.

29
Q

What happens during telophase?

A
  • The nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform.
  • chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
  • spindle fibers break apart
30
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

• Chromatin coils to form chromosomes.
• The nuclear envelope and the nucleosis begin to breakdown.
• centrioles move to opposite poles and begin to produce spindle fibers.
- spindle fibers attached to the centrosome of each chromosome
- plant cells do this to even though they do not have centrioles

31
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

Spindle fibers move chromosomes to line up in the center of the cell.

32
Q

What is the center of a cell called?

A

The equator.

33
Q

What is the longest stage of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase

34
Q

What are the three phases of interphase?

A

The G1phase, S phase, G2 phase.

35
Q

What happens during the G1 phase?

A

It is a period of growth and the cell does it’s job.

36
Q

What happens during the S-phase?

A

DNA is copied

37
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

The cell copies organelles and gets ready to divide.

38
Q

What is the G0 phase?

A

It is a non-dividing phase that cells can enter into.

39
Q

As a cell’s size increases, its amount of DNA…

A

Does not increase

40
Q

The amount of activity in a cell is related to _____.

A

It’s volume

41
Q

The smaller the cell, the ________ it’s ratio of surface area to volume.

A

Greater

42
Q

What is the genetic structure consisting of DNA and a tightly wound protein.

A

Chromatid

43
Q

what are bead like structures formed by DNA wrapped around histosines molecules called?

A

Nucleosomes

44
Q

What is the name of the type of cell division that occurs in prokaryotic cells?

A

Binary fission

45
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The division of the cells cytoplasm

46
Q

What do cells tend to do when they come in contact with other cells?

A

They stop dividing

47
Q

Cell division ______ when the healing process nears completion.

A

Slows

48
Q

What are proteins called that regulate the timing of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells?

A

Cyclin

49
Q

What are growth factors?

A

External regulatory proteins that slow down or speed up the cell cycle.

50
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Cells self-destructing

51
Q

Describe the steps in apitosis.

A
  1. The cell and chromatin shrink
  2. Parts of the cell membrane break off
  3. Neighboring cells digest the remains
52
Q

What is the definition of cancer?

A

A disorder in which some of the body’s cells lose the ability to control growth.

53
Q

What are tumors?

A

A group of uncontrolled, growing cells that can lead to cancer

54
Q

What are the two types of tumors and describe them.

A
  • Benign tumors- cells remain within the mass.

* Malignant tumors- cells invade and destroy healthy tissues elsewhere in the body.

55
Q

Which is worse a benign tumor or a malignant tumor?

A

A malignant tumor

56
Q

Define metastasis.

A

The spread of cancer from the original site.

57
Q

How is cancer categorized?

A

By the type of tissue it is effects.

58
Q

What are the three types of cancer?

A

Carcinomas, sarcomas, and lymphomas.

59
Q

Define carcinoma.

A

The growth of cancer cells in skin and tissues that line the organs of the body.

60
Q

Define sarcoma.

A

The growth of cancer cells and bone and muscle tissues.

61
Q

Define lymphoma.

A

The growth of solid tumors that grow in the tissues that form blood cells (bone marrow).

62
Q

How long does cancer normally take to develop?

A

Several years unless s vital organ such as the liver or pancreas is involved

63
Q

What is the cause of cancer?

A

Mutations in genes that alter cell’s growth factors.

64
Q

What are the two ways that mutation can occur?

A

They can occur spontaneously or because of carcinogens.

65
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Any substance that increases the risk of cancer.

66
Q

What are the three treatments to cancer?

A
  • Surgery
  • Radiation
  • Chemotherapy
67
Q

Why are cells not larger?

A
  1. They would become overloaded with information
    - not enough DNA to meet the demands of a large cell
  2. Surface area to volume ratio issues
    - The cell wouldn’t be able to get materials in and out fast enough
68
Q

What are the ABC’s of recognizing tumors?

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Color
Diameter
Evolving

Biology (11 decks)

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