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Biology > Classification and The History Of Life > Flashcards

Classification and The History Of Life Flashcards

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1
Q

How many species have biologist identified and named?

A

1.5 million

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2
Q

How many species do biologist think exist on earth?

A

8.7 million

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3
Q

Who developed the system known as bionomical nomenclature?

A

Carlos Linnaeus

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4
Q

What two names is a species full name made up of?

A

Their genius and species

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5
Q

What is a genus?

A

It is the “last name” of a species and means the two organisms with the same genus are closely related

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6
Q

What is a species name?

A

It is the most specific part of the name

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7
Q

What does the species name often describe?

A

An important trait

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8
Q

What are the rules for naming a species?

A
  • genus then species
  • Latin or Greek
  • italicized in print
  • capitalized genius, but not species
  • underline when writing
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9
Q

What is classification?

A

The naming or arrangement of organisms into groups based on their similarities.

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10
Q

What is a taxa?

A

A group of organisms.

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11
Q

What does a taxonomist do?

A

They are scientist that identify and name species.

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12
Q

Who developed the first classification system?

A

Carlos Linnaeus

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13
Q

How many levels did the first classification system begin with, and how many are there now?

A

Was 4, now 7

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14
Q

If a word ends with idae what does it mean?

A

It is a family name

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15
Q

What are the taxa from highest to lowest in the classification system?

A
  • domain
  • kingdom
  • phylum
  • class
  • order
  • family
  • genus
  • species
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16
Q

What are the two reasons why we need scientific names for species?

A
  • there are a lot of organisms on earth

* every language has its own common names for species

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17
Q

What is the benefits of classifying?

A
  1. Helps to identify the relationship between organisms.
  2. Requires scientist to clearly identify key characteristics of each organism.
  3. Prevents misnomers (thinking a star fish is really a fish).
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18
Q

What is a dichotomous key used for?

A

Identifying organisms

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19
Q

How does a dichotomous key give characteristics?

A

In pairs

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20
Q

Define phylogeny?

A

It is the evolutionary history of lineages.

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21
Q

What is another name for a cladogram?

A

Cladistic analysis

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22
Q

Define cladogram.

A

A diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characteristics.

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23
Q

What do groups called clades share?

A

A single common ancestor and all descendants.

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24
Q

What is the difference between clades and taxa?

A

Clades can be monophyletic, where taxa can be monophyletic or paraphyletic.

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25
Q

Define monophyletic.

A

A group that includes a single ancestor and its descendants.

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26
Q

Define paraphyletic.

A

Includes common ancestor, but not all descendants.

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27
Q

What do nodes represent?

A

Common ancestors.

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28
Q

What does a root represent?

A

A common ancestor shared by all.

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29
Q

What are the 6 current kingdoms?

A
  • Plante
  • Animalia
  • Protista
  • Fungi
  • Eubacteria
  • Archae-bacteria
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30
Q

What two kingdoms was Monera divided into in the 1990’s?

A
  • Eubacteria

* Archae-bacteria

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31
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukarya
32
Q

What are the characteristics of the species in the bacteria domain?

A
  • prokaryotes
  • cell walls with peptideoglycan (Gran+)
  • unicellular
  • can be heterotrophic or autotrophic
33
Q

What are the characteristics of species in the domain archaea?

A
  • no peptideoglycen (Gran-)
  • contain a type of lipid only found in them
  • live in extreme environments
34
Q

What are the characteristics of species in the domain eukarya?

A
  • cells contain membrane bound organelles

* contain protests, fungi, plants, and animals

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Protists?

A
  • eukaryotic organisms that can’t be classified as animals, plants, or fungi
  • display great variety
  • uni or multicellular
36
Q

What are characteristics of fungi?

A
  • heterotrophs
  • feed on dead or decaying organic matter by secreting digestive enzymes into it and then absorbing it.
  • can be multi or unicellular
37
Q

Describe the characteristics of plants.

A
  • multi cellular
  • photosynthetic
  • non-mobile
  • have cell walls made of cellulose
38
Q

What are the characteristics of Animalia?

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
  • no cell walls
39
Q

What are the types of fossils?

A
  • permineralized
  • natural casts/molds
  • trace fossils
  • preserved remains
  • Amber preserved
40
Q

Describe permineralized fossils.

A

Minerals carried by water and are deposited around hard structures.

41
Q

Describe natural casts/molds.

A

Flowing water removed all original tissue, leaving a mold that is filled in with minerals.

42
Q

Describe trace fossils.

A

Record the activity of organisms.

43
Q

Describe preserved remains.

A

Found in ice or peat bogs.

44
Q

Describe Amber preserved fossils.

A

Insects are preserved in tree resign.

45
Q

Where do most fossils form?

A

In sedimentary rock.

46
Q

What can paleontologisst infer from fossils?

A
  • structure
  • what they ate
  • predators
  • environment
47
Q

What are the two ways to date fossils?

A
  • relative dating

* radioactive dating

48
Q

What is relative dating?

A

Aging determined based on placement of fossils.

49
Q

What is radioactive dating?

A

Using radioactive isotopes to age fossils.

50
Q

What is another name for rock layers?

A

Strata

51
Q

What is an index fossil?

A

A fossil that is used to date other fossils.

52
Q

What characteristics must an Index fossil have?

A

It must be short-lived and widespread.

53
Q

Define half-life.

A

The amount of time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to decay.

54
Q

How long of a half-life does carbon-14 have?

A

5730 years

55
Q

What fossils is carbon-14 used to date?

A

Fossils younger than 60,000 years.

56
Q

What radioactive isotopes are used to date fossils older than 60,000 years?

A
  • potassium 40
  • uranium 238
  • rubidium 87
57
Q

What period covers about 88% of the Earth’s history?

A

The Precambrian period

58
Q

List the divisions of the geological timescale from largest to smallest.

A

Eons, eras, and periods.

59
Q

Describe the nebula hypothesis.

A

There was a swirling mass of dust and debris. Small particles collide overtime to form earth. The elements slowly arrange themselves by density.

60
Q

What allowed primitive earth to cool?

A

The formation of our atmosphere, and especially the presence of oxygen.

61
Q

What effect did oxygen have on primitive earth?

A
  1. Iron in oceans rusted and sank to the bottom.
  2. The ozone layer formed.
  3. It led to the first mass extinction.
62
Q

Describe Oparin’s contributions to the history of life.

A

He developed the primordial soup hypothesis about how the first organic molecules were formed.

63
Q

Describe Miller and Urey’s contribution to the history of life.

A

They tested Oparin’s hypothesis and it was successful.

64
Q

True or false

The results of Miller and Urey’s experiment were proven false.

A

True

65
Q

What was Sydney Fox’s contribution to the history of life?

A

He suggested that proteinoid microspheres could have given rise to the first cells.

66
Q

Why do scientists think that RNA evolved first?

A
  • RNA helps DNA replicate
  • it can replicate itself
  • it can be a catalyst
67
Q

Describe the changes that occurred in living things through the geological timescale.

A

Softbodied organisms, Cambrian explosion, land plants, flying insects, fish/sharks, vertebraes moved to land (amphibians), reptiles, dinosaurs, mammals (small), birds, mass extinction, mammals become large, ice age, evolution of man.

68
Q

Describe Lynn Margulis’s theory.

A

Large prokaryotes engulfed smaller prokaryotes, but didn’t digest them. This led to the first eukaryotes.

69
Q

Why is sexual reproduction important to evolution?

A

It allows for genetic diversity.

70
Q

Why is the Pre-Cambrian time so incomplete?

A

There were only softbodied organisms, which almost never fossilize.

71
Q

How old is earth?

A

4.6 billion years old

72
Q

What did the original earth atmosphere contain?

A

Very deadly gases such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen cyanide; and water vapor.

73
Q

What color was early Earth’s sky?

A

Pinkish orange

74
Q

What color was early earth’s oceans?

A

Brown due to the presence of iron.

75
Q

How long ago do scientist think the first living things formed?

A

200 to 300 million years ago

Biology (11 decks)

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