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MedSci Flashcards

1
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for

A

MRS GREN

M - Movement
R - Respiration
S- Sensitivity
G- growth
R-reproduction
E- Excretion
N - Nutrition

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2
Q

What is knowing?

A

Adequate action in a domain specified by the observer

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3
Q

What defines living things? -2 things

A

a process conserving integrity though:
* maintaining a relationship with the world around it (non-self) adaption
* The organisation is self-generating (autopoiesis)

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4
Q

This refers to the relationship among
components of and object (or entity) that define and specify it as a member
of a particular class.

A

organisation

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5
Q

This refers to the components that actually constitute a particular entity (or
object) and make its organisation real. It is the physical embodiment of an
object’s or entity’s pattern of organisation

A

Structure

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6
Q

What is autopoiesis

A

Self-production in the sense that organisms produce themselves in the context of a
medium or environment.

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7
Q

What are 3 important things about behaviour?

A

(a) it requires certain properties of the object,

(b) it requires certain properties of the context or environment in which the object is existing

(c) it requires intimate contact between object and environment such that the structure of each affects the
other (we have called this intimate contact ‘structural coupling’).

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8
Q

why do color visual illusions appear as different colours when they are the same?

A

the appear different because of their surrounding context

Perception of a feature ALWAYS involves its context

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9
Q

Osteoblasts are in charge of what processes in the bones?

A

Bone building

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10
Q

Osteoclasts are in charge of what?

A

Bone breakdown

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11
Q

Osteocytes are responsible for what?

A

Maintenance of bone matrix

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12
Q

Which bone cell maintains (not build) the bone matrix ?

A

Osteocytes (lives in bone tissue)
Osteo = bone; cytes = cells)
– Embedded within the matrix

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13
Q

What bone cells builds the bones? He has a blast doing his job

A

Osteoblasts B=build bone

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14
Q

This bone cells tears down the bone matrix and re absorbs it

A

Osteoclasts
OsteoClasts = Cleave bone

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15
Q

This muscle type is somatic (voluntary)

A

skeletal muscle

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16
Q

what is the name of the cell wrapped around the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann Cell

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17
Q

Which hemisphere is more involved in holistic, parallel processing functions that are not time-
dependent

A

right

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18
Q

senses are All affected by:
* Body structure
* Current context
* History
* How we understand
the world
* Beliefs and expectations

A

indicating involves making
an act of distinction (identification)
* Distinguish entity as separate
from background
* Referring to anything
specifies criteria of distinction

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19
Q
  • Relationship among components
    of an object or entity
  • Define a class of objects
    i.e. Cat
    structure or organisation?
A

organisation
cat = class specification

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20
Q
  • Components making up a
    a particular object of the class
    ie smudge, bruce and max are entities or specific objects in that category
    Structure or organisation?
A

structure

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21
Q

What is knowing?

A

Adequate action
in a domain
specified by an observer

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22
Q

A process conserving
integrity through:
Self-generation
(autopoiesis)
Maintaining
relationships
with non–self
(adaptation)

A

Living

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23
Q

A bag of
cooperating
macromolecules
and molecules

A

Cell

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24
Q

A cooperative
of cells

A

organ

25
Q

A cooperative
of organs

A

organism

26
Q

What determines
the structural changes
that take place
and how they do?
* Internal structure at that moment
* Sensed environmental triggers

A

EMERGENT CELLS - REPRODUCTION
Self generation
and maintenance
■ Mutual adaptation
to environment
■ Cooperative interactions
with other cells (part of
a cell’s environment)
■ Structural changes
over time depending on
environmental influences

27
Q

What does bone do?

A

support - structural framework of the body
Assistance in movement
protection - preventing injury ie lungs

(other less obvious - mineral balance/blood cell production (red bone marrow) - fat storage (yellow bone marrow)

28
Q

grey or white matter is responsible for vision, hearing,
speech, intelligence, personality
etc

A

grey
he tissue called “gray matter” in the brain and spinal cord is also known as substantia grisea, and is made up of cell bodies. “White matter”, or substantia alba, is composed of nerve fibers.

29
Q

Motor neurons = nervous tissue controlling skeletal
muscle fibres
* No connection between individual muscle fibres
– Each muscle fibre must be
controlled individually by a neuron
* Each motor neuron can control:
– As few as 10 fibres (eye muscles)
– As many as 1000 fibres (limb muscles)

A

Muscle  tendon  bone
– Tendon = physical connection
– Contractile force is transferred

30
Q

The gut = divided into specialised regions
– Each region = distinct structure & function
* Different regional specialisations is made
possible by
– Sheet of cells that line the tube (epithelium)
* Many different cell types inhabit the sheet, each with a
unique role
– Support
– Movement
– Layered arrangement of the gut tube
Layers of the gut

A
  • The gut possesses its own enteric nervous system
  • 100 million neurons embedded in the gut wall
  • Two networks
    Networks function independently, but are influenced
    by the brain
31
Q

name the 4 layers of the gut tube from the lumen

A

epithelium,
soft spongy connective tissue
external muscle
peritoneum

32
Q

DIGESTION
* Large molecules  chemically broken down  small
ones
– Requires acids and enzymes
* Secreted by epithelial cells lining the wall of the gut
* Also produced by epithelial cells which make up the glands
(liver & pancreas) & released into gut
ABSORPTION
* Nutrients  cells lining the gut  blood or lymph
Epithelial roles

A

Epithelium is important for :
protection
digestion
absorption

connective tissue (support structures)
important for transporting absorbed nutrients

33
Q

the stomach has how many layers of muscle

A

layers
– 3D churning action turns food
into ‘chyme’
Stomach

34
Q

what organ is the following:
Approx 3m long; coiled
irregularly
* Digestion and absorption
– Receives chyme from stomach
– Receives enzymes from pancreas
& bile from liver
* Nutrients move through epi. cells
 blood vessels (dotted lines)
 liver for storage / redistribution

A

small intestine

35
Q

digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin are produced where?

A

pancreas

36
Q

bile is produced where.

A

liver

37
Q

which organ does the following?
Recovery of water from gut
contents
* Compact into faeces
 exit through rectum and anus

A

large intestine

38
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the following
Dilation of peripheral blood vessels
* Constriction of bronchi

A

parasympathetic

39
Q
A
40
Q

which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the following
Dilation of pupils
* Decreased salivation
* Constriction of blood vessels (esp. in skin)
* Dilation of bronchi

A

sympathetic

41
Q

increase in Blood glucose level (after a meal)  decreases or increases
appetite

A

decreases

42
Q

Briefly describe how the ventricular inlet and outlet
valves function

A

Ventricular Inlet Valves (AV valves):

These valves, including the mitral valve on the left side and the tricuspid valve on the right side, regulate blood flow between the atria and ventricles.
When the ventricles are relaxed (diastole), the AV valves open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles.
During ventricular contraction (systole), the AV valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria. This closure produces the “lub” sound of the heartbeat.
Ventricular Outlet Valves (Semilunar valves):

These valves, including the aortic valve on the left side and the pulmonary valve on the right side, control blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries.
During ventricular contraction (systole), the semilunar valves open, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery (right side) and aorta (left side).
After ventricular contraction, when the ventricles relax (diastole), the pressure in the arteries exceeds that in the ventricles, causing the semilunar valves to close. This closure produces the “dub” sound of the heartbeat.

43
Q

how much blood can a ventrical hold?

A

half a cup

44
Q

how many litres does the heart pump a day?

A

7000

45
Q

The left side of the heart pumps blood where?

A

the body (systemic) more resistance to go all the way around the body so there’s more pressure - that’s why the left sides muscles are bigger

46
Q

where does the right ventricle push the blood to?

A

to the lungs/pulmonary circuit

47
Q

what do the inlet valves do ? (mitral/tricuspid)

A

prevents backflow
into atrium when the
ventricle contracts to eject
blood

48
Q

what do outlet valves in the heart do?

A

prevents backflow
of ejected blood into the
ventricle

49
Q

ARE Arteries typically under HIGH OR LOWER pressure than their
venous counterparts?
– Walls tend to be thicker than corresponding veins
Arteries and veins

A

higher

50
Q

what is an infarction??

A

death of part of something ie myocardial infarction (heart wall)
or in the brain

51
Q

how is the heartbeat controlled

A

self regulated -Modified cardiac muscle fibres
conduct electrical impulses
(similar to nervous transduction

Rate and strength influenced by the brain

52
Q

what is the pathway of oxygen once inhaled

A

travels down the trachea (windpipe).
The trachea branches into two bronchi, which further divide into bronchioles and then into alveolar ducts.
At the end of the alveolar ducts are alveoli, tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport.
The oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart to cells throughout the body, where it is released and utilized in cellular respiration.

53
Q

what the pathway of carbon dioxide? (goes the opposite way of oxygen)

A

Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular metabolism.
Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into nearby capillaries.
The carbon dioxide-rich blood is transported via veins to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs.
In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
During exhalation, carbon dioxide is expelled from the body as we breathe out.

54
Q

Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers located where?

A

in the brainstem, specifically the medulla oblongata and the pons.

These centers receive input from chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide levels, and oxygen levels.
The medulla oblongata regulates the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps modulate the depth and rate of breathing in response to changing conditions.

55
Q

cuboidal cells secrete surfactant in the aveoli, what is its purpose?

A

reduces surface tension within the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. and prevents alveolar walls from sticking

56
Q

what boyles law (in reference to breathing)

A

he pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
– i.e. increased size of container = reduced pressure

57
Q

Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is
_______ than atmospheric pressure
– and out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is _____

A

less/greater than ATM (what is atm?

58
Q

Dorsal centre of the pons controlling breathing

– Continuous cyclic commands
– “On” – INSPIRATION
* Rib cage / diaphragm engaged
– “Off” - EXPIRATION
* Muscles relax

A

Ventral centre (below dorsal)
– Only active during laboured
breathing
– Commands deep inhalation &
forced expiration

59
Q

dopamine is produced where

A

substantia nigra

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