Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

uni flash cards > MedSci > Flashcards

MedSci Flashcards

1
Q

What does MRS GREN stand for

A

MRS GREN

M - Movement
R - Respiration
S- Sensitivity
G- growth
R-reproduction
E- Excretion
N - Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is knowing?

A

Adequate action in a domain specified by the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What defines living things? -2 things

A

a process conserving integrity though:
* maintaining a relationship with the world around it (non-self) adaption
* The organisation is self-generating (autopoiesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This refers to the relationship among
components of and object (or entity) that define and specify it as a member
of a particular class.

A

organisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

This refers to the components that actually constitute a particular entity (or
object) and make its organisation real. It is the physical embodiment of an
object’s or entity’s pattern of organisation

A

Structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is autopoiesis

A

Self-production in the sense that organisms produce themselves in the context of a
medium or environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are 3 important things about behaviour?

A

(a) it requires certain properties of the object,

(b) it requires certain properties of the context or environment in which the object is existing

(c) it requires intimate contact between object and environment such that the structure of each affects the
other (we have called this intimate contact ‘structural coupling’).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why do color visual illusions appear as different colours when they are the same?

A

the appear different because of their surrounding context

Perception of a feature ALWAYS involves its context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Osteoblasts are in charge of what processes in the bones?

A

Bone building

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Osteoclasts are in charge of what?

A

Bone breakdown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Osteocytes are responsible for what?

A

Maintenance of bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which bone cell maintains (not build) the bone matrix ?

A

Osteocytes (lives in bone tissue)
Osteo = bone; cytes = cells)
– Embedded within the matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What bone cells builds the bones? He has a blast doing his job

A

Osteoblasts B=build bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

This bone cells tears down the bone matrix and re absorbs it

A

Osteoclasts
OsteoClasts = Cleave bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

This muscle type is somatic (voluntary)

A

skeletal muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the name of the cell wrapped around the myelin sheath?

A

Schwann Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which hemisphere is more involved in holistic, parallel processing functions that are not time-
dependent

A

right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

senses are All affected by:
* Body structure
* Current context
* History
* How we understand
the world
* Beliefs and expectations

A

indicating involves making
an act of distinction (identification)
* Distinguish entity as separate
from background
* Referring to anything
specifies criteria of distinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  • Relationship among components
    of an object or entity
  • Define a class of objects
    i.e. Cat
    structure or organisation?
A

organisation
cat = class specification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q
  • Components making up a
    a particular object of the class
    ie smudge, bruce and max are entities or specific objects in that category
    Structure or organisation?
A

structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is knowing?

A

Adequate action
in a domain
specified by an observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A process conserving
integrity through:
Self-generation
(autopoiesis)
Maintaining
relationships
with non–self
(adaptation)

A

Living

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A bag of
cooperating
macromolecules
and molecules

A

Cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

A cooperative
of cells

25
A cooperative of organs
organism
26
What determines the structural changes that take place and how they do? * Internal structure at that moment * Sensed environmental triggers
EMERGENT CELLS - REPRODUCTION Self generation and maintenance ■ Mutual adaptation to environment ■ Cooperative interactions with other cells (part of a cell’s environment) ■ Structural changes over time depending on environmental influences
27
What does bone do?
support - structural framework of the body Assistance in movement protection - preventing injury ie lungs (other less obvious - mineral balance/blood cell production (red bone marrow) - fat storage (yellow bone marrow)
28
grey or white matter is responsible for vision, hearing, speech, intelligence, personality etc
grey he tissue called "gray matter" in the brain and spinal cord is also known as substantia grisea, and is made up of cell bodies. "White matter", or substantia alba, is composed of nerve fibers.
29
Motor neurons = nervous tissue controlling skeletal muscle fibres * No connection between individual muscle fibres – Each muscle fibre must be controlled individually by a neuron * Each motor neuron can control: – As few as 10 fibres (eye muscles) – As many as 1000 fibres (limb muscles)
Muscle  tendon  bone – Tendon = physical connection – Contractile force is transferred
30
The gut = divided into specialised regions – Each region = distinct structure & function * Different regional specialisations is made possible by – Sheet of cells that line the tube (epithelium) * Many different cell types inhabit the sheet, each with a unique role – Support – Movement – Layered arrangement of the gut tube Layers of the gut
* The gut possesses its own enteric nervous system * 100 million neurons embedded in the gut wall * Two networks Networks function independently, but are influenced by the brain
31
name the 4 layers of the gut tube from the lumen
epithelium, soft spongy connective tissue external muscle peritoneum
32
DIGESTION * Large molecules  chemically broken down  small ones – Requires acids and enzymes * Secreted by epithelial cells lining the wall of the gut * Also produced by epithelial cells which make up the glands (liver & pancreas) & released into gut ABSORPTION * Nutrients  cells lining the gut  blood or lymph Epithelial roles
Epithelium is important for : protection digestion absorption connective tissue (support structures) important for transporting absorbed nutrients
33
the stomach has how many layers of muscle
layers – 3D churning action turns food into ‘chyme’ Stomach
34
what organ is the following: Approx 3m long; coiled irregularly * Digestion and absorption – Receives chyme from stomach – Receives enzymes from pancreas & bile from liver * Nutrients move through epi. cells  blood vessels (dotted lines)  liver for storage / redistribution
small intestine
35
digestive enzymes and hormones like insulin are produced where?
pancreas
36
bile is produced where.
liver
37
which organ does the following? Recovery of water from gut contents * Compact into faeces  exit through rectum and anus
large intestine
38
which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the following Dilation of peripheral blood vessels * Constriction of bronchi
parasympathetic
39
40
which division of the autonomic nervous system controls the following Dilation of pupils * Decreased salivation * Constriction of blood vessels (esp. in skin) * Dilation of bronchi
sympathetic
41
increase in Blood glucose level (after a meal)  decreases or increases appetite
decreases
42
Briefly describe how the ventricular inlet and outlet valves function
Ventricular Inlet Valves (AV valves): These valves, including the mitral valve on the left side and the tricuspid valve on the right side, regulate blood flow between the atria and ventricles. When the ventricles are relaxed (diastole), the AV valves open, allowing blood to flow from the atria into the ventricles. During ventricular contraction (systole), the AV valves close to prevent the backflow of blood into the atria. This closure produces the "lub" sound of the heartbeat. Ventricular Outlet Valves (Semilunar valves): These valves, including the aortic valve on the left side and the pulmonary valve on the right side, control blood flow from the ventricles into the arteries. During ventricular contraction (systole), the semilunar valves open, allowing blood to be ejected from the ventricles into the pulmonary artery (right side) and aorta (left side). After ventricular contraction, when the ventricles relax (diastole), the pressure in the arteries exceeds that in the ventricles, causing the semilunar valves to close. This closure produces the "dub" sound of the heartbeat.
43
how much blood can a ventrical hold?
half a cup
44
how many litres does the heart pump a day?
7000
45
The left side of the heart pumps blood where?
the body (systemic) more resistance to go all the way around the body so there's more pressure - that's why the left sides muscles are bigger
46
where does the right ventricle push the blood to?
to the lungs/pulmonary circuit
47
what do the inlet valves do ? (mitral/tricuspid)
prevents backflow into atrium when the ventricle contracts to eject blood
48
what do outlet valves in the heart do?
prevents backflow of ejected blood into the ventricle
49
ARE Arteries typically under HIGH OR LOWER pressure than their venous counterparts? – Walls tend to be thicker than corresponding veins Arteries and veins
higher
50
what is an infarction??
death of part of something ie myocardial infarction (heart wall) or in the brain
51
how is the heartbeat controlled
self regulated -Modified cardiac muscle fibres conduct electrical impulses (similar to nervous transduction Rate and strength influenced by the brain
52
what is the pathway of oxygen once inhaled
travels down the trachea (windpipe). The trachea branches into two bronchi, which further divide into bronchioles and then into alveolar ducts. At the end of the alveolar ducts are alveoli, tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the surrounding capillaries, where it binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport. The oxygenated blood is then pumped by the heart to cells throughout the body, where it is released and utilized in cellular respiration.
53
what the pathway of carbon dioxide? (goes the opposite way of oxygen)
Carbon dioxide is produced as a waste product of cellular metabolism. Carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into nearby capillaries. The carbon dioxide-rich blood is transported via veins to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs. In the lungs, carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli. During exhalation, carbon dioxide is expelled from the body as we breathe out.
54
Breathing is controlled by the respiratory centers located where?
in the brainstem, specifically the medulla oblongata and the pons. These centers receive input from chemoreceptors that detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide levels, and oxygen levels. The medulla oblongata regulates the basic rhythm of breathing, while the pons helps modulate the depth and rate of breathing in response to changing conditions.
55
cuboidal cells secrete surfactant in the aveoli, what is its purpose?
reduces surface tension within the alveoli, preventing them from collapsing. and prevents alveolar walls from sticking
56
what boyles law (in reference to breathing)
he pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume – i.e. increased size of container = reduced pressure
57
Air moves into the lungs when alveolar pressure is _______ than atmospheric pressure – and out of the lungs when alveolar pressure is _____
less/greater than ATM (what is atm?
58
Dorsal centre of the pons controlling breathing – Continuous cyclic commands – “On” – INSPIRATION * Rib cage / diaphragm engaged – “Off” - EXPIRATION * Muscles relax
Ventral centre (below dorsal) – Only active during laboured breathing – Commands deep inhalation & forced expiration
59
dopamine is produced where
substantia nigra

uni flash cards (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions