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Earth Sci Flashcards

1
Q

when terrestrial planets FIRST form their interiors are made of?

A

homogenous

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2
Q

planets are round because

A

heat and gravity overcome material strength, spinning planet flows into a sphere shape

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3
Q

the gas giants in the solar system consist mainly of what types of materials?

A

Volatile materials

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4
Q

the first step in creating matter was what?

A

the bbm (big bang nucleosynthesis)

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5
Q

the third stage in creating matter in the universe was what?

A

supernovae explosions

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6
Q

what is the heilocentric model of the structure of the heavens?

A

when the earth and planets move around the sun at the center of the universe (vs geocentric when earth was at the center)

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7
Q

a by product of steller fusion is what?

A

light

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8
Q

stars are luminous balls of _____ held together by their own _____

A

gas, gravity

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9
Q

describe the doppler effect

A

the doppler effect is in increase or decrease in the frequency of sound/light or other waves as the source objects moves towards or away from something

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10
Q

what is redshift?

A

change in visible light seen through telescopes to make a judgement on which direction they are moving - red away blue towards

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11
Q

why are small planetesimals irregular?

A

because they are cool and strong

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12
Q

A nebula is an enormous cloud of dust and gas occupying the space between stars and acting as a nursery for new stars. They come from destroyed supernovas, ho do they form?

A

Nebulae are made of dust and gases—mostly hydrogen and helium. The dust and gases in a nebula are very spread out, but gravity can slowly begin to pull together clumps of dust and gas. As these clumps get bigger and bigger, their gravity gets stronger and stronger. Eventually, the clump of dust and gas gets so big that it collapses from its own gravity. The collapse causes the material at the center of the cloud to heat up-and this hot core is the beginning of a star.

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13
Q

the process of separating into a core and a mantle is called what?

A

differentiation

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14
Q

which element is first to be formed during bbn?

A

hydrogen

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15
Q

describe the 3 stages of the nebula theory

A
  1. swirling nebula of atoms and particles - rotational gravity forms it into a disc.
  2. gravity collapses core into proto-star, outside becomes protoplanetary disc
    3- planetesimal planets collide and combine
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16
Q

What are 4 requirements of a Planet

A

revolve around a star, sufficient mass to be round, is not a satalitte (moon), has cleared its debris and small objects from its orbit

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17
Q

How do we know the earth has layers?

A

gravity and seismic activity

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18
Q

What are the 5 compositional layers

A

continental crust, oceanic crust, upper mantle, Lower mantle, Core

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19
Q

Which seismic wave is the fastest and can travel through anything?

A

P waves (pressure)

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20
Q

which seismic wave cannot propagate through a fluid

A

S Waves - Sheer

21
Q

The study of the overall structure and evolution of the Universe, based on the application of the laws of physics and chemistry, and based on astronomical observations and measurements. (

A

Scientific Cosmology

22
Q

The material substance of the Universe; it consists of atoms and has mass

A

Matter

23
Q

The amount of matter in an object; _____ differs from weight in that its value does not depend on the strength of gravity.

A

Mass

24
Q

The attractive force that one mass exerts on another; the magnitude depends on the size of the objects and the distance between them

A

/gravity

25
Q

Planets that are of comparable size and character to the Earth and consist of a metallic core surrounded by a rock mantle.

A

terrestrial planets

26
Q

A ball of ice and dust, probably remaining from the formation of the Solar System, that orbits the Sun

A

comet

27
Q

The distance that light travels in one Earth year (about 6 trillion miles or 9.5 trillion km).

A

a light year

28
Q

The horizontal difference between two adjacent wave troughs or two adjacent crests.

A

wavelength

29
Q

The number of waves that pass a point in a given time interval.

A

frequency

30
Q

A type of energy emitted into space by a source; it travels in the form of waves that can pass through a vacuum.

A

electromagnetic radiation

31
Q

The formation of new atomic nuclei (mostly hydrogen and helium) during the Big Bang.

A

Big bang nucleosynthesis

32
Q

The invisible link that holds together atoms in a molecule and/or in a crystal.

A

A chemical bond

33
Q

The region of vacuum between stars

A

interstellar space

34
Q

Heat and electricity produced by using the internal heat of the Earth. (

A

thermal energy

35
Q

A dense body of gas that is collapsing inward because of gravitational forces and that may eventually become a star.

A

a protostar

36
Q

what is a supernova

A

A short-lived, very bright object in space that results from the cataclysmic explosion marking the death of a very large star; the explosion ejects large quantities of matter into space to form new nebulae.

37
Q

The production of new, larger atoms by fusion reactions in stars; the process generates more massive elements that were not produced by the Big Bang.

A

stellar neucleosynthesis

38
Q

describe the
nebular theory

A

The concept that planets grow out of rings of gas, dust, and ice surrounding a newborn star.

39
Q

The plate-shaped region of gas and dust, surrounding the newborn Sun, from which the planets formed

A

protoplanetary disc

40
Q

A process early in a planet’s history during which dense iron alloy melted and sank downward to form the core, leaving less-dense mantle behind. (

A

differentition

41
Q

The distance between the Sun and the Earth, used as a reference frame for describing distances among objects in our Solar System.

A

astronomical unit

42
Q

Where do most of the planets earth quakes and volcanoes occur?

A

plate boundries

43
Q

what are the 3 types of plate boundaries?

A

covergent, divergent, transform

44
Q

how fast do plates move?

A

1 - 15cm a year

45
Q

Alfred Wegeners Continental drift hypothesis states what?

A

that continents move relative to each other

46
Q

what are 4 pieces of evidence to support continental drift theory

A
  1. fit of continents
  2. striations on glacial ice sheets
  3. fossils of animals show there were land dwelling animals that cant cross oceans
  4. matching rock assembaleges - mountains that must have been together at some point
47
Q
A
48
Q

These rocks (felsic/mafic etc) are formed in the mantle and you can find them near divergent plates they have a higher melting point and a higher specific gravity and are usually dark green to black

A

Ultramafic

49
Q

These are the lightest rock types, light in color and weight, and melt at a lower temperature (felsic magic intermediate)

A

Felsic

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