Medieval Church Flashcards
4th Lateran Council
Convened by Innocent November 1214; 412 Bishops; 800 abbots; numerous people there; Considered the 12th ecumenical council and the greatest council before Trent. Two fold purpose: reform the church; recover Holy Land. Accomplishments: Sanctioned transubstantiation as the correct view of communion; Issued 72 canons
Boniface VIII
conflict with Philip IV of France; Issued the bull Clerics Laicos which forbade taxing the clergy without papal authorization; most noted for the papal bull Unam Sanctum with became one of the most important documents of Middle ages:
- dogmatic support for the unity of church
- necessity of belonging to church for salvation
- pope as the surpreme head of church
- Submission to pope requried to belong to church and receive salvation
Leo IV
“Forgiveness of Sins for those who Dies in Battle With the Heathen” Given to Frankish Army
John VIII
Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen
Factors for Crusades 1095-1272
Defeat of Byzantine Army: Battle of Manikert 1071; Economic and political factors; Love of Military adventure; Religious foment; Protection; Boredom.
First Crusade
Gregory VII; Pope Ubran II calls to arm at Council of Clermont; “Deus Vult! “God wills it” 100k Frenchmen; the people’s crusade
Peter the Hermit
Preacher on first crusade
Results of first crusade
Edessa, Nicea, Antioch, and Jerusalem captured; formation of knight orders; relieved pressure of muslim invasion from Byzantine Empire
Second Crusade
Cause: Pressure from the Muslims on Kingdom of Jerusalem relentless; Recruiters: Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux
Results of 2nd Crusade
Armies never united and were defeated separately by Muslim forces; Byzantine army hinders armies marching ; Bernard advocated attacking constantinople
3rd Crusade
King’s crusade; Cause: little church pressure; Saladin captured Jersusalem; Participants: Frederick Barborossa, King philip of France, King Richard I of England
Results of 3rd Crusade
Fredereck drowned in full armor; Philip quarreled with Richard; Rich negotiated a trace with Saladin and secured safe passage for Christian
Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III–few knights responded; participants; knights contracted with Venetians to transport them
Results of 4th Crusdae
Venetians ruled until Palaeologus established dynasty;
Other Crusades
Children’s Crusade: Children from France and Germany traveled to Palestine; led by Stephen and Nicolas; Sold into slavery
Raymond Lull
Evangelized the muslims; forsook family to become a mendicant and scholar; converted and wanted to become a martyr; established monastery; 4 missionary journeys; at 80 years old, he returned to Tunis with first Muslim converts
Medieval Monasticism
Cistercians; Military Orders (knights Hospitallers; Templar, Teutonic); Friars–mendicant orders; (Dominicans, Franciscans; Carmelites; Augustinians)
Cenobitic monasticsm
communal living; strict living and hard work; Benedictine; Cistercians
Idiorrythmic
eremitic (desert); total withdrawal; constant mental prayer (example: Anthony)
Mendicant Monasticism
beggars, Dominicans, franciscians, etc..
Cistercians
Robert of the Benedictine Monastery of Molesme. Strict interpretation of the Rule of Benedict’ embraced acesticism; Bernard of Clairvaux: most famous member; rejected feudal revenues; and highlighted manual labor
Rule of Benedict
Written in Lingua Vulgaris; Charlemagne found it. “Poverty, Chastity, Obedience” Consits of 73 chapters; duties of abbot; worship; dicipline/penal code; admin of monastery; misc regulations
Why Does Monasticism Grow?
successes (wealth),
Franciscans
poor street preachers; “Poor Clares” Women movement; Francis of Assisi; adopted “Regula Primitiva” following the teaching of Jesus and walking in his footsteps
Dominicans
Order of Friar Preachers/ Black Friars; Thomas Aquinas; Emphasis of Dominicans is scholarship; Founded by Dominic; Emphasized preachign and academic Theology; Rule of Augustine
Carmelites
White Friars; 12th century hermits; switched from eremitic monasticism to mendicant monasticism; Albert and Eugenius were leaders
cathari
Gnostics; from katharos: pure;
Albigenses
Anti Romanist party; they became objects of the inquisition; Treaty of paris 1219
Paulicians
Gnostic Dualism; views: matter wich was evile and God which was good; evil God ceated world and good God creates the world to come; Jeus was not really son of Mary: connection to matter makes him evil; accepted Luke and Pauline letters, rejecting OT and Petrine lit; anit-romanist in rejection of clergy, liturgy and sacraments
Bogomils
Possibly in the “Trail of Blood”; dualistic; asecetic austerity,