Medieval Church Flashcards
4th Lateran Council
Convened by Innocent November 1214; 412 Bishops; 800 abbots; numerous people there; Considered the 12th ecumenical council and the greatest council before Trent. Two fold purpose: reform the church; recover Holy Land. Accomplishments: Sanctioned transubstantiation as the correct view of communion; Issued 72 canons
Boniface VIII
conflict with Philip IV of France; Issued the bull Clerics Laicos which forbade taxing the clergy without papal authorization; most noted for the papal bull Unam Sanctum with became one of the most important documents of Middle ages:
- dogmatic support for the unity of church
- necessity of belonging to church for salvation
- pope as the surpreme head of church
- Submission to pope requried to belong to church and receive salvation
Leo IV
“Forgiveness of Sins for those who Dies in Battle With the Heathen” Given to Frankish Army
John VIII
Indulgence for Fighting the Heathen
Factors for Crusades 1095-1272
Defeat of Byzantine Army: Battle of Manikert 1071; Economic and political factors; Love of Military adventure; Religious foment; Protection; Boredom.
First Crusade
Gregory VII; Pope Ubran II calls to arm at Council of Clermont; “Deus Vult! “God wills it” 100k Frenchmen; the people’s crusade
Peter the Hermit
Preacher on first crusade
Results of first crusade
Edessa, Nicea, Antioch, and Jerusalem captured; formation of knight orders; relieved pressure of muslim invasion from Byzantine Empire
Second Crusade
Cause: Pressure from the Muslims on Kingdom of Jerusalem relentless; Recruiters: Pope Eugene III and Bernard of Clairvaux
Results of 2nd Crusade
Armies never united and were defeated separately by Muslim forces; Byzantine army hinders armies marching ; Bernard advocated attacking constantinople
3rd Crusade
King’s crusade; Cause: little church pressure; Saladin captured Jersusalem; Participants: Frederick Barborossa, King philip of France, King Richard I of England
Results of 3rd Crusade
Fredereck drowned in full armor; Philip quarreled with Richard; Rich negotiated a trace with Saladin and secured safe passage for Christian
Fourth Crusade
Pope Innocent III–few knights responded; participants; knights contracted with Venetians to transport them
Results of 4th Crusdae
Venetians ruled until Palaeologus established dynasty;
Other Crusades
Children’s Crusade: Children from France and Germany traveled to Palestine; led by Stephen and Nicolas; Sold into slavery
Raymond Lull
Evangelized the muslims; forsook family to become a mendicant and scholar; converted and wanted to become a martyr; established monastery; 4 missionary journeys; at 80 years old, he returned to Tunis with first Muslim converts
Medieval Monasticism
Cistercians; Military Orders (knights Hospitallers; Templar, Teutonic); Friars–mendicant orders; (Dominicans, Franciscans; Carmelites; Augustinians)
Cenobitic monasticsm
communal living; strict living and hard work; Benedictine; Cistercians
Idiorrythmic
eremitic (desert); total withdrawal; constant mental prayer (example: Anthony)
Mendicant Monasticism
beggars, Dominicans, franciscians, etc..
Cistercians
Robert of the Benedictine Monastery of Molesme. Strict interpretation of the Rule of Benedict’ embraced acesticism; Bernard of Clairvaux: most famous member; rejected feudal revenues; and highlighted manual labor
Rule of Benedict
Written in Lingua Vulgaris; Charlemagne found it. “Poverty, Chastity, Obedience” Consits of 73 chapters; duties of abbot; worship; dicipline/penal code; admin of monastery; misc regulations
Why Does Monasticism Grow?
successes (wealth),
Franciscans
poor street preachers; “Poor Clares” Women movement; Francis of Assisi; adopted “Regula Primitiva” following the teaching of Jesus and walking in his footsteps
Dominicans
Order of Friar Preachers/ Black Friars; Thomas Aquinas; Emphasis of Dominicans is scholarship; Founded by Dominic; Emphasized preachign and academic Theology; Rule of Augustine
Carmelites
White Friars; 12th century hermits; switched from eremitic monasticism to mendicant monasticism; Albert and Eugenius were leaders
cathari
Gnostics; from katharos: pure;
Albigenses
Anti Romanist party; they became objects of the inquisition; Treaty of paris 1219
Paulicians
Gnostic Dualism; views: matter wich was evile and God which was good; evil God ceated world and good God creates the world to come; Jeus was not really son of Mary: connection to matter makes him evil; accepted Luke and Pauline letters, rejecting OT and Petrine lit; anit-romanist in rejection of clergy, liturgy and sacraments
Bogomils
Possibly in the “Trail of Blood”; dualistic; asecetic austerity,
Waldenses
most conservative and Biblically oriented; Peter Waldo of Lyon; Sought favor of pope at 3rd Lateran Council 1179 but did not get it; shifted form established church to simple biblicism: rejected purgatory and 7 sacraments.
Inquisition
Gregory IX 1231 Instituted it; occurred in Southern France and Northern Italy. Procedure: heretic was given time to confess and absolve himself, fair to repent meant trial, Innocent IV authorized torture for confession; Spanish Inquistion by Sixus IV.
Gregory the Great
Prefect of Rome; Pope Pelagius 2 ordained him as deacon; Elected Pope in 590; monasticiized the church and moved papacy toward what it is today. Introduced liturgical changes (Gregorian Chant); promoted Purgatorial Purficaation
Muhammad: Islam’s Founder
Born in Mecca; Alleged Vision of Gabriel at 40;
5 Pillars of Islam
- Shahadah: “There is no god but Alah an Mohammed is his prophet” Muslim Creed
- Salat: Prayer 5 x daily toward Meeca (shows devotion)
- Zakat: Almsgiving–2.5 percent of income given annually to poor
- Saum: Ramadan–month of fastign refraining form eating, drinking, smoking, and sex
- Hajj: a once-in-a-lifetime pilgrimmage to Mecca
Islam 610-750
- 610: Muhamad called to restore
- Monotheism; 613: 12 converts–mainly from own tribe
- 630: Muhammed has enough converts to capute Mecca
- 632: Muhammed dies
- 750: conquest ends: following Muslim growth influenced by Greek culture and centered in Baghdad
Successors of Muhammad
caliphs then sultans; today Imans; Abu Bakr: Compaion of Muhammad and 1st succesor (Sunni view) Shi’a belived Muhammad chose his cousin/son in law Ali Alib: husband of Fatima. Umar 2nd was assainated and Muslims fracture; Umayyad dynasty follwo the “Four rightly guided Caliphs
End of Muslim Expanion in the East
Leo the Isaurian; Greek Fire
End of Muslim Expansion in the West
Charles Martel–The Hammer: Paved the way for the Carolingian Empire and Frankish domination of Europe
Conversion of Barbarians
Goths: 340 Ulfilas (Arian) 720 Boniface (Catholic)
Irish: 435 Patrick: sent as missionary to Ireland 432(?)
Franks: Clovis 496
Augustine
- Christianized southern England
- brought back worship of Christian God 596
- Sent out with 40 Gregorian monks
- Missionary to the Saxons
Willobrord
Missionary to Frisia (Netherlands and N. Germany)
Bonfiace
- Given name is Winfirth; aka The Apostle to Germany
- Commissioned by Gregory II
- Destoryed Idols, etsablished Churches; Built monastaries
- Organized church in Bavaria
Methodius and Cyril-Constantine
- Brothers from Thessalonica
- Methodius Eventuall ordained archbishop of Moravia
- Converted the Slavs
Roman Empire Divided: Teutonic/German Tribes
- Almanni
- The Rhine was their border
- Date form 3rd century
- Christianization between 6th-8th Century
- Absorbed into Frankish Empire by Martel
- Huns
- not Germanic but Asiatic
- Showed up in 4th century
- Attilla (Scourge of God)
- Vandals
- E Germanic tribe
- Fought with Goths
Roman Empire Divided: Angles and Saxons
- Converted by Augustine
- Their conquest broke Roman rule in Britain
- Spoke Old English
- conquered by Charlemagne in 8th century
Burgundes
East Germanic tribe from Scandanvia; Clotilda: Burgundian Princess who married Clovis; conquered by Franks
Goths
- East Germanic Tribe that occupied modern day Poland; embarced Arianism
- Visigoths (Western)
- Defeated Frank Clovis I; King Reccared led them into Catholicism
- Ostrogoths (Eastern)
- held N. Italy
- Conquered by Franks
Byzantine Empire
- 306-1453 Ad
- Under Diocletian: tetrachy (4 leaders)
- Under Constantine: consolidation and hereditary succession; moves capital to Constantine
- Theodosius the Great: ruled both halves of Kingdom
Merovingan Dynasty
- Clovis: unifier of Franks; accepted Christianity under Clotilda
- Mayos of the palace: sons couldn’t lead so control went to strong officials this becomes the Carolingian dynasty
Carolingian Dynasty
Charles Martel; Pepin I, II: donation of Pepin–papal stats; Charlemage
The Franks
- two principle groups: Salians and Ripuarians
- Clotaire unites kingdom in 613; after death, Franks are governed by Major Domus (officers)
- Pepin sets himself up as Major Domus; son, Chrles Martel defeats Moor; grandson is Charlemagne
- Pepin received blessing from Pope Zachary to be king: began Carolingian dynasty
Donation of Constantine
Cathedral of St Denis
Royal ossuary of kingd/quessns of france. Most tombs were opened in revolution; Napoleon had church reopened.
Lombards
Orignally from N. Europe or Scandinavia; Convertd to Roman Catholics; Pepin the Short gave the Papl states to Roman King Desiderus; surrendered to Charlemagne in 774
Papal States
Charlemagne
- Son of Pepin the Short
- Protector of the Papcy
- Empire of the Holy Roman Empereor: authority over both civil ecclesiastical affairs
- Brought about Monastic reforms when he appointd Benedict of Aniane
Medieval Life
Iconoclastic Controvesy
“image breakers”: Leo II–The Isaurian is repsonsible. Mainly politically motivated; Edict in 726 declared destruction of idols
St John of Damascus: Famous Apology against Iconoclasts; Synod of Hieria: Icon worshippes divided the unity of Christ; 7th ecumencial council at Nicea reversed the decision at Hieria. Leo V took up the charge agaisnt idol later on though
- Monophysite heresy minimized the human side of the incarnate God
- The Policians believed that all matter was evil
- Islamic influence
Pentarch
5 patriachates: Jersualem, Antioch, Rome, Chonstantinople, Alexandria. The leaders of these 5 churches called patriarchs in 531 by Justinian. Today the church has 9 Patriarchs: Jersualem, Antioch, Serbia, Chonstantinople, Alexandria, Romania, Moscow, Bulgaria, and Georgia. All churches are autocephalous: Rome rejects this
Pope
Derived form latin *papa: “father” Formal title: “Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, *Successor of the Chief Apostles…(preeminent title); Pope receives his title form the transfer of authority in Mat 16:19 (Peter receiving the keys to the kingdom)
Developments in Papacy
Benedict IX
One of the more profligate popes in history; served 3 different times; lived a wicked life and excommunicated opponents.
Great Schism 1054
The contenders: Leo IX and Michael Cerularius of Constantinople; cause: papal legate Cardianl Humbert laid a bull of excommunicsation against Michale on the altar of sophia July 16; ultimatley boiled down to two different apporaches to Christianity: Eastern church: imperial view: power resided in emperors and councils; agred with Nicea that Holy Sprict proceeded form Father; Western View: centralized papl authority; Petrine scucession, acceped the filoque clause; attempts at reconciliation: Council at Florence sought agreement on filoque; Pope Paul VI and patriarch Athenagoras in 1965 lift the decrees of excommunication
Zenith of Papacy
Gregory VII: took the postion of pope wihtout being ordained; took Gregory I as his papal name; a refromer requiring celibacy and opposing simony. Established college of Cardinals to elect future popes.
Dictatus Pape:
Authored by Gregory VII
Investiture Controversy
Tension over who had the right to appoint ecclesiastical offices, specifcially the bishop of Milan. Gregory banned all layman (including the king) with making ecclesiastical appointments. Civil war broke out and Gregory was driven to exile by Henry yet popes continue Gregorian refroms of investiture; Resolved at Canossa: Henry is excommunicated
Lothar of Segni (Innocent III)
Ordered Philip Ausgutus of France to take back wife;
- Accomplishments
- Expanded papal authority
- Reformed Roman Curia
- Promotes 4th Crusade
- Presided over 4th lateran council
- Worked to stamp out Albigensian heresy
Devlopments in Papacy
Papal infallibility (Ex Cahtedra; without error); Vatican I declared infallibity;
Bernard of Clairvaux
Champion of Mariolatry: canonized and dubbed “Doctor of the Chruch” and Doctor Mellifuluss by Pius XII; Author of “Jesus the Very thought of thee” and “O Sacred Hed now Wounded”
Four Aspects of Mary
Mother of God; immacualte conception; perpetual virginity; assumption
Knights Templar
Poor kingst of Christ and the temple of Solomon; lauded in “in praise of knighthood” by Bernard; Sought for the Holy Grail and Shroud of Turin;
Knights Hospitaller
originally Sovereign Military; HQ at Crac Des Chevalies “fortress of knights”
teutonic knights
German order after Hospitaller; symbol: white rabit with a black cross; defeated in palestine
Augustinians
A generic term for Catholic whose community lfie is governed by Rule of Augustine (monastic life; poverty);
