German Reformation Flashcards
Maximilian I
son of Frederick III; Reigned 1493-1519
Powerful German Princes
Joachim I of Brandenburg; William IV of Bavaria; Phillip I Landgraf von Hessen
Frederick the Wise Saxony
Wittenberg is primary residence; Hid Luther in Warburg castle after Diet of Worms 1521
Luther: Birth and Education
born 1483–Strict childhood; Father wanted him to be a lawyer; Studied religion at Erfurt; Pledged in a thunderstorm to St. Anne that he would be a monk; confirmed this in “Concerning Monastic Vows” 1521
Luther: Monastic Life and Conversion
Ordained as priest April 1507; studied the nominalist view of William of Ockam; Advocated a reform of scholasticism; Ockham’s razor : “Pluralities non est ponenda sine necessitate”–entities should not be multiplied unnecessarily
Johann Staupitz 1470-1524
Vicar of German Augustianians. Taught at Wittenberg; Met Luther on a tour of Erfurt and Luther confessed his own sinfulness to Staupitz; He was sent by the church to challenge Luther in 1518; Luther eventually succeeds him.
Luther: Inner struggles
Anfechtung–temptation; sought for perfection and to keep the strict discipline of his order to have peace with God; His struggles intensified by theological problems (righteousness of God).
Luther’s Conversion
saw the connection between the justice of God and “the just shall live by faith”
Luther as Teacher and Preacher
Taught on Psalms, Romans, Galatians, and Hebrews. Preached in Monastery in 1511 and church in 1514. 1515 vicar over 11 houses
Luther: Pivotal year
1517–April: penitential Psalm; September 4: 97 theses against scholastic theology; Indulgence controversy
Indulgence Controversy
Albrecht of Brandenburg: Elector of HRE and archbishop of Mainz. Given the duty by Pope Leo X to oversee sale of indulgences for the building of St Peter’s in Rome; Albrecht commissioned Tetzel to carry out preaching; Albrecht becomes cardinal; He did not certify the edict of worms in 1521, doubting its legality
Johann Tetzel
Part of the Dominican Order; preached indulgences in Juterbog and Zerbst (near Wittenberg), coming to the attention of Luther
Heidelberg Disputation 1518
Augustinian Order: first of five attempts to refute Luther’s views; Gabriel dell Volta: head of Augustinians to excommunicate Luther; Gabe passed on burden to Staupitz; Staupitz invites Luther to Heidelberg and Luther presents 40 of the 97 theses for discussion regarding Scholastic Theology (28 with theology; 12 with philosophy); theologia gloriae or theologia crucis (Law of God: Thesis 1 and Love of God: Thesis 28)
Diet of Augsburg 1518
Principle player: Cardinal Cajetan–dominican monk appointed by Leo X. Meets Oct. 12-18 to examine Luther. Judged Luther in error on indulgences and faith in sacramental system. Luther refused to recant, apples to pope for a general council and eventually leads to his condemnation by the bull Exsurge Domine
Marin Bucer
attended Heidelberg Disputation and is convinced of Luther’s views; Leader of reformation at Schlettstadt; Goes to England to train men at Cambridge
Johann Eck
1st to Champion catholic cause in reformation;
Andreas von Karlstadt
German theologian educated at Erfurt; joined Luther but separates wanting to press issues further; set up debate with Johan Eck in 1519 but performed poorly; Luther steps in
Background: Leipzig Debate 1519
Eck criticizes Wittenberg reform in “Obelisci” Karlstadt challenges Eck on free will in “Apologeticae conclusions”–Scripture is primary authority and man cannot contribute to grace. Eck draws Luther in with theses and Luther attacks the papal office
Leipzig Debate 1519
June-July; George, duke of Saxony, only permits Karlstadt to come initially; Eck and Karlstadt debate issues surrounding grace and passivity of the will. Luther enters debate surrounding discussion of whether the pope is “iure divino” (monarchial head of church) or “iure humana”. Luther and Eck debates purgatory, indulgences and confession. Debate was recorded verbatim
Exsurge Domine
June 15 1520: Luther is called a wild boar by Leo X and is given 60 days to recant. Johan Eck is the courier.
“On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church”
Written by Luther in which he rejects the denial of the cup to the laity, the mass as a sacrifice and favors two sacraments against the seven of the RC church.
“Decet Romanum Pontificem”
Jan 3 1521; Leo formally excommunicates ML. Frederick demands that ML not be outlawed until a hearing
Charles V
considered 1st king of Spain (Charles 1) Crowned HRE by Clement VII–last European king so crowned; Called the Council of Trent and sided with Catholics; His aunt was Catharine of Aragon, wife of Henry VIII
Diet of Worms 1521
Luther refuses to recant and denounces authority of pope; after Diet ends Luther leaves town quietly and is captured by bandits; Luther is taken to Frederick’s castle and works on German Bible; Is there for 11 months and struggles with the devil. Edict of Worms May 26 1521 is issued by Charles and places empire wide ban on Luther.
Luther in Exile: Wartburg
May 4 1521; assumes names Junker Jorg; “drives devil away with ink” probably refers to principle work–German NT. Completes in 11 weeks and called the September Bible. IN 1534 OT is completed and ultimately revised by Philip Melanchthon at Wittenburg
Philipp Melancthon
Attended Leipzig debate; Principle author of Augsburg confession (1530). Systematizer of Luther: Loci Communes
Luther: Marriage and Family Life
1525: abandons monastic vows and marries Katherine von Bora. Hard worker and allows Luther to pursue his work. Originally a nun, and escaped in a fish barrel. she was significantly younger than Luther.
Marburg Colloquy
1529 Luther split with Ulrich Zwingli over the Eucharist
Luther: Later life
filled with much physical suffer; died in 1546 and buried at Wittenburg; Johanes Bugenhagen cared for his family
Peasant’s revolt 1524-126
started in Black forest when peasants refused to pay feudal dues; Peasants appealed to Scriptures; Reformers took heat since peasants took their teachings as inspiration for revolt. Reformers were forced to preach message of civil obedience and passivity
1st Diet of Speyer 1526
Suspends Edict of Worms; Gives local sovereigns rights to decide extent of reform within domain;
2nd Diet of Speyer 1529
Set aside the ruling of the first diet; Demands Edict of Worms to be enforced; Insists on return to Catholicism; Lutheran princes protest: hence “Protestant”
Evangelical Protest
Six rulers and 14 cities – including John of Saxony, Margrave George of Brandenberg-Ansbach, Landgrave Philipp of Hesse. Basis of protest: those who accepted Word of God; appeal received legal status on April 25
Reasons for Protest
binding nature of recommendations prevent future acceptance of Reformation by estates currently loyal to pope; entrenchment of liturgy would hinder the reforms in progress; the presence of restrictions on new communion teaching; obligation to tolerate Mass; binding force of majority of decisions in the religious realm; accept rule of emperor in every area outside of religious
Diet of Augsburg 1530
Called by Charles V; Ausburg confession is read and RC responds with Confutatio Pontifica
Schmalkaldic League 1531
Philip of Hesse and John Frederick ally among protestant princes to protect against Charles V.
Schmalkaldic War 1546
Charles attacked at Battle of Muhlberg.
Peace of Augsburg
Cuius regio, eius religo: Whose the religion is, his religion. New policy that Charles agrees to in peace treaty, thus giving Lutheranism an official standing.
