Dawn of Reformation

Question 1

Rise of the University

Answer 1

Birthed out of monastic movement; (scholasticus, caput scholar, magister scholars); those permitted to teach received a licencia docendi; students learn Latin, Scriptures, the trivium (grammar, rhetoric and logic), and the quadrivium (geometry, arithmetic, harmonics, astronomy) study of philosophy as well; Frederick Barbarossa grants liberties to students to study; guilds are esablished for the universitas; they become sanctioned by civil authorities;

Question 2

first universities

Answer 2

1088 in Bologna; emphasizes study of law (canon and civil) 1200–medicine and philosophy were added; University of Paris 1150; Oxford 1167; Cambridge 1209

Question 3

scholasticism

Answer 3

an attempt to reconcile ancient philosophy with medieval theology; intellectual source for reformation; rational defense of Christian faith–often based on Aristotelian logic.

Question 4

Peter Abelard

Answer 4

Taught by Realists (universals exists in reality–greenness–all things hare a common element: greenness) but soon overthrew their argument with Nominalism (no universals, nothing beyond our imagination). Sic et non “yes and no”

Question 5

Albert Magnus

Answer 5

Doctor Universalis; greatest German philosopher and theologian of middle ages; 1st to apply Aristotelian thought to Christian theology; taught Thomas Aquinas at Cologne; Produced an Encyclopedia of Knowledge

Question 6

Thomas Aquinas

Answer 6

Key Scholastic leader; “Doctor Angelicas” Dominican order (scholar); obtained copies of The scriptures, “The Sentences” and Aristotle; “Summa Theologica” canonized in 1323. Leo 13 calls him “prince and master of all scholastic doctors” patron of Catholic universities

Question 7

Governing Principle of Western Church

Answer 7

God as father; church as mother

Question 8

Summa Theologica

Answer 8

3 parts: God, Man & Virtue, Christ and Sacraments. 10k questions asked and answered. Proofs of God: Motion, Causation, Contingent/Necessary, Degrees and Perfection, and Intelligent design–deficient in that they don’t lead us to Jesus.

Question 9

John Duns Scotus

Answer 9

“Realism” universals are real; denied the real distinction between essence and existence.

Question 10

William Ockham

Answer 10

Nominalism: “keep it simple” nothing universal can be real, only individuals. “entities are not to be multiplied without necessity”

Question 11

Black Death

Answer 11

Affects church though killing priests, affecting quality; priests stay away from church. Dimiishes Church’s influence

Question 12

Great Schism

Answer 12

1378-1417: Gregory dies Urban VI (ill-tempered) and replaced by Clement VII. Returned pacy to Avignon; Divided church leads to divided Europe (N. Italy, Germany, Scandinavia in England follow Urban; France, Scotland and S. Italy follow Clement)

Question 13

Council of Pisa

Answer 13

1409; divided Europe meet; a church in council not the pope had ultimate authority–ultimate question: who has the authority: pope or church (cardinals); Desposed both Benedict XIII and Gregory XII

Question 14

Haec Sancta

Answer 14

1415; subordinate all the power of the Church, including the popes to the council

Question 15

Frequens

Answer 15

1417; mandated regular councils for church reform.

Question 16

Council of Basel

Answer 16

1431-1449. Called by martin, who dies; Eugenius IV; decrees against simony; pluralism and absenteeism;

Question 17

Conciliar movement

Answer 17

Constantinople has trouble with turks and calls for council; Attempts to have council at Ferrara but moves to Florence: gave Pope back his supremacy; Basel council becomes more extreme; remainder of cardinals depose Eugene and elects Felix. Felix gives up his claim to papacy.

Question 18

100 years war

Answer 18

France and England: who inherits the throne? “property could not be passed down through a daughter” French gave crown to Philip of Valois, a cousin of Philip IV; English develop longbow which decimates french army; English gives up Calais

Question 19

Joan of Arc

Answer 19

French peasant; led french

Question 20

Path to sainthood

Answer 20

heroic virtue; 5 years after death for proposed “saint” status; Poper confers title; beatification by one-post metro miracle; (canonization) by 2nd miracle

Question 21

Gregory of Rimini

Answer 21

came across as a semi pelgaian; synthesized moderate nominalism and Augustinianism

Question 22

Thomas Bradwardine

Answer 22

Acrchbishop of Canterbury; dies by plague prematurely; addressed pelagianism within roman church

Question 23

John Wycliffe

Answer 23

morning star of reformation; first english translation of bible; 1380. Attacked Transubstantion and the need for a priestly intercessor. Followers called Lollards;

Question 24

Views of Wycliffe

Answer 24

True church is the invisible body of the predestined; only church can rightly interpret the Scripture (language of common man); Denial of Transubstantiation; Opposed veneration of images; Opposed indulgences

Question 25

John Hus

Answer 25

Popular czech reformer; sermons filled with calls for reforms, criticized church’s abuses; wrote 15 books in exile; Arrested at Constance; some argue he is a warmed over Wycliffe (perpetuated catholic dogma of the mass); harbinger of things to come (in reformation)

Question 26

Savonarola

Answer 26

Dominicans a Bologna; apocalyptic preaching boosted after invasion of Italy by France; Prominent “Bonfire of Vanities” pictures, gambling tables, books, carvings destroyed. Burn publicly after recanting his recant; Luther praised him.

Question 27

Peter Lombard

Answer 27

Important Work: Libri Quatuor Sentenituarim “Book of Sentences”–standard, medical theological text

Question 28

Babylonian Captivity

Answer 28

Clement V: French pope moves to Avignon and is dominated by French Kings; Gregory XI moves papcy back to Rome

Question 29

Council of Constance

Answer 29

Sigismund calls for another council to end church schism: Convened in 1414; 15 ecumenical conuncil; two important decrees: Haec Sancta and Frequens. Also, Wycliffe and Hus condemned

Question 30

Medieval Mystics

Answer 30

• Meister Eckhart: Neoplatonist
• John Tauler: disciple of Eckhart
• John of Ruysbroek: Flemish mystic
• Gerhard Groote: brethren of common life

Question 31

Fall of Constantinople

Answer 31

Ottoman empire ends 1500 years of Roman rule: apirl 6-May 29, 1453.

Question 32

Pope Sixtus IV

Answer 32

started sistine chapel; promoted spanish inquisition; annuled degrees of council of constance

Question 33

Effects of Printing Press

Answer 33

books reproduced easily; stirred growth in lit; inaccessible it now available

Question 34

Humanism

Answer 34

german scholar coined 19th century; educational and cultural movement in italy 14th century; “studia Humanities” folled Jerome and Augustine in opositon to seven liberal arts (trivium and quadrivium)

Question 35

Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 35

Wrote Enchiridioon Militis Christiani: true religion and piety; The Praise of Folly; 1516: published an annotated NT; *De Libreo Abritro–Luther responded *with De Servo Arbitro to which Erasmus wrote Hyperaspistes