Dawn of Reformation Flashcards
Rise of the University
Birthed out of monastic movement; (scholasticus, caput scholar, magister scholars); those permitted to teach received a licencia docendi; students learn Latin, Scriptures, the trivium (grammar, rhetoric and logic), and the quadrivium (geometry, arithmetic, harmonics, astronomy) study of philosophy as well; Frederick Barbarossa grants liberties to students to study; guilds are esablished for the universitas; they become sanctioned by civil authorities;
first universities
1088 in Bologna; emphasizes study of law (canon and civil) 1200–medicine and philosophy were added; University of Paris 1150; Oxford 1167; Cambridge 1209
scholasticism
an attempt to reconcile ancient philosophy with medieval theology; intellectual source for reformation; rational defense of Christian faith–often based on Aristotelian logic.
Peter Abelard
Taught by Realists (universals exists in reality–greenness–all things hare a common element: greenness) but soon overthrew their argument with Nominalism (no universals, nothing beyond our imagination). Sic et non “yes and no”
Albert Magnus
Doctor Universalis; greatest German philosopher and theologian of middle ages; 1st to apply Aristotelian thought to Christian theology; taught Thomas Aquinas at Cologne; Produced an Encyclopedia of Knowledge
Thomas Aquinas
Key Scholastic leader; “Doctor Angelicas” Dominican order (scholar); obtained copies of The scriptures, “The Sentences” and Aristotle; “Summa Theologica” canonized in 1323. Leo 13 calls him “prince and master of all scholastic doctors” patron of Catholic universities
Governing Principle of Western Church
God as father; church as mother
Summa Theologica
3 parts: God, Man & Virtue, Christ and Sacraments. 10k questions asked and answered. Proofs of God: Motion, Causation, Contingent/Necessary, Degrees and Perfection, and Intelligent design–deficient in that they don’t lead us to Jesus.
John Duns Scotus
“Realism” universals are real; denied the real distinction between essence and existence.
William Ockham
Nominalism: “keep it simple” nothing universal can be real, only individuals. “entities are not to be multiplied without necessity”
Black Death
Affects church though killing priests, affecting quality; priests stay away from church. Dimiishes Church’s influence
Great Schism
1378-1417: Gregory dies Urban VI (ill-tempered) and replaced by Clement VII. Returned pacy to Avignon; Divided church leads to divided Europe (N. Italy, Germany, Scandinavia in England follow Urban; France, Scotland and S. Italy follow Clement)
Council of Pisa
1409; divided Europe meet; a church in council not the pope had ultimate authority–ultimate question: who has the authority: pope or church (cardinals); Desposed both Benedict XIII and Gregory XII
Haec Sancta
1415; subordinate all the power of the Church, including the popes to the council
Frequens
1417; mandated regular councils for church reform.
Council of Basel
1431-1449. Called by martin, who dies; Eugenius IV; decrees against simony; pluralism and absenteeism;
Conciliar movement
Constantinople has trouble with turks and calls for council; Attempts to have council at Ferrara but moves to Florence: gave Pope back his supremacy; Basel council becomes more extreme; remainder of cardinals depose Eugene and elects Felix. Felix gives up his claim to papacy.
100 years war
France and England: who inherits the throne? “property could not be passed down through a daughter” French gave crown to Philip of Valois, a cousin of Philip IV; English develop longbow which decimates french army; English gives up Calais
Joan of Arc
French peasant; led french
Path to sainthood
heroic virtue; 5 years after death for proposed “saint” status; Poper confers title; beatification by one-post metro miracle; (canonization) by 2nd miracle
Gregory of Rimini
came across as a semi pelgaian; synthesized moderate nominalism and Augustinianism
Thomas Bradwardine
Acrchbishop of Canterbury; dies by plague prematurely; addressed pelagianism within roman church
John Wycliffe
morning star of reformation; first english translation of bible; 1380. Attacked Transubstantion and the need for a priestly intercessor. Followers called Lollards;
Views of Wycliffe
True church is the invisible body of the predestined; only church can rightly interpret the Scripture (language of common man); Denial of Transubstantiation; Opposed veneration of images; Opposed indulgences
John Hus
Popular czech reformer; sermons filled with calls for reforms, criticized church’s abuses; wrote 15 books in exile; Arrested at Constance; some argue he is a warmed over Wycliffe (perpetuated catholic dogma of the mass); harbinger of things to come (in reformation)
Savonarola
Dominicans a Bologna; apocalyptic preaching boosted after invasion of Italy by France; Prominent “Bonfire of Vanities” pictures, gambling tables, books, carvings destroyed. Burn publicly after recanting his recant; Luther praised him.
Peter Lombard
Important Work: Libri Quatuor Sentenituarim “Book of Sentences”–standard, medical theological text
Babylonian Captivity
Clement V: French pope moves to Avignon and is dominated by French Kings; Gregory XI moves papcy back to Rome
Council of Constance
Sigismund calls for another council to end church schism: Convened in 1414; 15 ecumenical conuncil; two important decrees: Haec Sancta and Frequens. Also, Wycliffe and Hus condemned
Medieval Mystics
- Meister Eckhart: Neoplatonist
- John Tauler: disciple of Eckhart
- John of Ruysbroek: Flemish mystic
- Gerhard Groote: brethren of common life
Fall of Constantinople
Ottoman empire ends 1500 years of Roman rule: apirl 6-May 29, 1453.
Pope Sixtus IV
started sistine chapel; promoted spanish inquisition; annuled degrees of council of constance
Effects of Printing Press
books reproduced easily; stirred growth in lit; inaccessible it now available
Humanism
german scholar coined 19th century; educational and cultural movement in italy 14th century; “studia Humanities” folled Jerome and Augustine in opositon to seven liberal arts (trivium and quadrivium)
Desiderius Erasmus
Wrote Enchiridioon Militis Christiani: true religion and piety; The Praise of Folly; 1516: published an annotated NT; *De Libreo Abritro–Luther responded *with De Servo Arbitro to which Erasmus wrote Hyperaspistes
