Medicine: c1750-c1900

Question 1

beliefs about causes of diseases

Answer 1

• spontaneous generation
• germ theory

Question 2

spontaneous generation

Answer 2

microbes caused things to rot after spontaneously spawning there

Question 3

germ theory

Answer 3

Louis Pasteur (1861)
understood germs causing disease due to the fermentation of beer
inspire koch and lister for their findings

Question 4

robert koch

Answer 4

argued bacteria caused diseases using miscroscope veiwing bacterium with agar jelly and dye
inspired by pasteurs germ theory so proved it
-1876 he found bacteria causing anthrax
-1882 he found bacteria causing TB
-1183 he found bacteria causing cholera

Question 5

why tech helped develop medicine

Answer 5

better microscopes for koch to find bacterium and pasteur to see microbes of wine

Question 6

why attitudes in society developed allowing medical development

Answer 6

enlightenment movement meant people wanted to learn more
industrialisation caused quicker spread of diseases so scientists motivated to find answers

Question 7

treatment of disease continuity

Answer 7

herbal remedies (boiled turnips on feet to heal smallpox)

Question 8

treatment of disease change

Answer 8

safer surgery
cure-alls mass produced as chemical cure

Question 9

prevention of disease change

Answer 9

vaccinations
government sanitation

Question 10

hospital improvement (nightingale)

Answer 10

• saved soldiers in the Crimean war (reduced death from 40% to 2%)
• she improved sanitation cleaning hospitals
• introduced pavillion style hospitals that were well-ventilated
• wrote notes on nursing (1859)
• opened Nightingale school for nurses (1860)

limits: nightingale believed in miasma

Question 11

surgery improvements

Answer 11

anaesthetic
antiseptics

Question 12

humphrey davy and anaesthetic

Answer 12

1799
nitrous oxide used to put people to sleep
limitations: caused coughing, illness and irritation

Question 13

James Simpson and anaesthetics

Answer 13

1847
chloroform as effective anaesthetic
queen victoria used it during childbirth
limitation: easy to OD kill someone

Question 14

Joseph Lister and antiseptic

Answer 14

1867
carbolic acid spray
sterilised room, equipment and wounds
death rate fell by more that half
limitations: many surgeons didnt like it as it dried out their hands and made them sore

Question 15

Edward Jenner and vaccination

Answer 15

1796
made smallpox vaccine by infecting patient w cowpox and then they were immune to smallpox
by 1980 W.H.O said smallpox was completely wiped out

limitations: doctors didnt like this as they made money from inoculations
the church did not like using cows for humans so the royal society did not publish the findings

Question 16

John Snow and cholera

Answer 16

1854
snow realised broad street pump was causing cholera outbreak
proved miasma wasnt cause of cholera

limitations: basteria not understood yet

Question 17

Edwin Chadwick and the 1848 Public Health Act

Answer 17

1848
first Public Health Act
encouraged cities in Engl/Wales to set up
- boards of health
- provide clean water

Question 18

Joseph Bazalgette and the ‘Great Stink’

Answer 18

1858
engineer who built a network of sewers under the streets of London preventing cholera spread

Question 19

1875 second Public Health Act

Answer 19

compulsory for local councils to:
improve sewers and the removal of waste
provide clean water
appoint medical officers to inspect public health facilities

Question 20

Vaccination programmes

Answer 20

Edward Jenner, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch had convinced them that vaccination programmes could be successfu
diseases targeted vaccination programmes included rabies, typhoid