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history GCSE > Medicine: British sector of The Western Front > Flashcards

Medicine: British sector of The Western Front Flashcards

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1
Q

battles in order with years

A

1st Ypres (1914)
2nd Ypres (1915)
Somme (1916)
Aras (1917)
3rd Ypres/ Passchendaele (1917)
Cambrai (1917)

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2
Q

1st battle of ypres (1914) : key details

A
  • brits tunnelled under hill 60 and exploded mines under Germans
  • had heavy soil that was easily waterlogged
  • 50000 british losses
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3
Q

2nd Ypres (1915) : key details

A
  • chlorine gas used for first time
  • 59000 british losses
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4
Q

Somme (1916) : key details

A
  • tanks used for first time
  • hifhest casulties
  • 400000 british casualties
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5
Q

Arras (1917) : key details

A
  • chalky ground easy to fig through so safety shelter networks made underground for shelter of 25000 soldiers
  • 160000 british and canadian casualties
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6
Q

3rd Ypres/ passchendaele : key details

A
  • extreme weather so many drowned
  • 24 CCS over 30% wounded were treated
  • 245000 casualties
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7
Q

Cambrai (1917) : key details

A
  • 500 tanks used
  • blood banks set up for transfusions
  • 40000 brit casualties
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8
Q

trench system

A
  • frontlines
  • support
  • reserve
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9
Q

frontline trenches

A

closest to battlefield (no mans land)
built in zig-zags = limits impacts of exploding shells

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10
Q

support trenches

A

80metres behind frontline so safer
often empty for frontline soldiers to retreat in attack
easier access to med treatment

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11
Q

reserve trenches

A

100meters behind support
safe
provided supplies and men in case of attack
had underground dugouts for cover from shells and bad weather

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12
Q

terrain

A

previously farmland = fertilisers in soil meant bacteria w gas gangrene and tetanus
flat land = hard to take cover

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13
Q

weather

A

cold/ snowy = colds and flu’s
wet/muddy = hard for stretcher bearers

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14
Q

medical staff on west front

A

RAMC
Field ambulance
FANY

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15
Q

RAMC
Royal Army Medical Corps

A

surgeons
doctors
medics
13000 members

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16
Q

Field ambulance

A

transported injured
included ambulance/ stretcher bearers

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17
Q

FANY
first aid nursing yeomanry

A

women (included many suffragists)
helped docs and surgeons
drove ambulances
assisted helping stretcher-bearers

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18
Q

chain of evacuation

A

RAP (regimental aid post)
ADS/MDS (dressing stations)
CCS (casualty clearing stations)
base hospital

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19
Q

RAP
regimental aid posts

A

200meters from frontlines
staffed by one medical officers
soldiers often returned to fighting after an 1hour of treatment
often treated easy things like minor cuts

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20
Q

Dressing station

A

ADS Advanced dressing stations were 400m away from no mans land
MDS dressing stations wer 1400m away
temporary (max stay 1week)
10 medical officers in one
treated 150 men at a time
minor injuries: amputations, mini surgeries

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21
Q

Casualty clearing stations

A

safe from enemy bombardment
set up in more permanent buildings (schools, churches)
close to railway lines for easy transport to base hosp
triage system to treat worst first
soldiers stayed at ccs for while
treated specialised injuries, chest injuries

22
Q

Base Hospitals

A

close to coast = far from bombardment
more experimental surgery = brain surgery using magnets

23
Q

horse drawn wagons

A

difficult to use
often further injured soldiers
bumpy journey

24
Q

motor ambulances (1914)

A

easier to use
safer

25
Q

trains ambulances

A

transpoted injured from ccs to base hospitals in eng
transported medical equipment like gauze

26
Q

carnal barges

A

type of boat
ccs to base hosp
slow journey = patients died

27
Q

start of war = infection on western front

A

gas gangrene from soil = infected open wounds and resulted in amputations
aseptic surgery not possible due to crowded dirty places

28
Q

development in treatment of infection on west front

A

debridement developed= cut away infected tissue and stitching wound back up
Carrel-Dakin method= sterile salt solution used to clean wound frequently (only lasted 6hours)
amputation still= 240000 amputations of limbs by 1918

29
Q

Jones and Thomas made the
thomas splint (1915)

A

stabilised fractures and allowed bone to heal
increased survival rate from 20% to 82% of ppl w leg wounds

30
Q

mobile x-ray units (1917)

A

RAMC used 3 moving xray units in rotations
patients treated quickly as they could see injuries while moving

31
Q

blood transfusions

A

Bruce Robertson = transferred blood from donor through syringe and tube instead of directly reducing chance of sepsis7
Lewison (1915) = blood stored with sodium citrate for up to 4 weeks without clotting
Hope Robertson = blood stored in glass bottles to for emergency blood bank t be set up quickly
keynes = blood could be transported in his new machine and taken to front-lines

32
Q

brain surgery

A

Cushing = used magnets to remove shrapnel and bullets from brain
he carried out 45 surgeries using this and had a 71% success rate (1917)

33
Q

plastic surgery

A
  • helped disfigured faces
  • Gillies (1917) = carried out 12000 operations for facial reconstruction in Queens hospital in Kent
34
Q

first hand accounts

A

something someone themselves saw/experienced

35
Q

reports/articles by docs

A

published in British Medical Journal

neg=could be onesided

36
Q

photos

A

provides visible snapshot evidence of history

neg=could be staged

37
Q

RAMC records

A

provide understanding of everything ab med on western front

38
Q

newspapers

A

accurate info on what happened

neg=one-sided and only focused on positives

39
Q

western front question: 2 features of x

A

one feature of x is…
For example, ….
Another feature of x is…..
For example,……

40
Q

Western front: how useful is source a and b for an enquiry in x

A

Source A is useful for an inquiry into..
For example, Source A says (quote)
From this i can infer,….
This is accurate bc (own knowledge)
Moreover, Source A says (quote)
From this I can infer,…
This is accurate bc…
The provenance of Source A is useful because,…
Therefore, Source A is useful for an enquiry into….
x2

41
Q

Western front: how would u follow up source x

A

(quote)
How many x was….?
RAMC records from year xxxx
It would tell me how many…..

42
Q

trench foot

A
  • caused by standing in cold muddy water for long
  • symptoms were painful swelling foot, gangrene infection
  • trench foot prevented by drying feet and replacing socks
  • only problem at beginning of war
43
Q

trench fever

A
  • spread through lice
  • caused temps, fatigue, muscle ache, head aches
  • delousing stations set up and clothes were disinfected
  • over 500000 suffered
44
Q

shellshock

A
  • caused by exposure to bombardment and gunfire
  • causes nightmares, shaking, mental breakdowns
  • soldiers were either sympathised with and allowed time to recover at base hospitals or shot due to cowardice
  • 80000 soldiers suffered from this
45
Q

bullet/shrapnel wounds

A
  • caused by exploding metal shells or bullets
  • caused bleeding, fractured bones (60% to arms or legs)
  • Brodie helmet reduced fatal head injuries from shrapnel and bullets by 80%
  • most people died from this
46
Q

infections

A
  • caused by gas gangrene and tetanus in soil
  • caused death
  • tetanus vaccine (1914) reduced tetanus infection
  • debridement, amoutation, carrel-dakin used to treat
47
Q

gas attacks altogether caused

A

6000 deaths

48
Q

chlorine gas

A
  • second battle of ypres 1915
  • caused suffocation
    -deadly
49
Q

phosgene gas

A
  • ypres 1915
  • caused suffocation
  • quicker death
50
Q

mustard gas

A
  • 1917
  • caused skin blisters and led to blindness
  • rarely caused death

history GCSE (21 decks)

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