Medical Terminology Week 5

Question 1

multidisciplinary team

Answer 1

is a group of health care workers who are members of different disciplines (professions e.g. Psychiatrists, Social Workers, etc.), each providing specific services to the patient.

Question 2

ADL

Answer 2

ADL - activities of daily living

Question 3

DC

Answer 3

DC Doctor of Chiropractic (Chiropractic - a system of integrative medicine based on the diagnosis and manipulative treatment of misalignments of the joints, especially those of the spinal column, which are held to cause other disorders by affecting the nerves, muscles, and organs.)

Question 4

DO

Answer 4

DO Doctor of Osteopathy (Osteopathy- a branch of medical practice that emphasizes the treatment of medical disorders through the manipulation and massage of the bones, joints, and muscles.)

Question 5

OT

Answer 5

OT occupational therapy - (occupational therapy - a form of therapy for those recuperating from physical or mental illness that encourages rehabilitation through the performance of activities required in daily life.)

Question 6

PT

Answer 6

PT physical therapy (physical therapy - the treatment of disease, injury, or deformity by physical methods such as massage, heat treatment, and exercise rather than by drugs or surgery.)

Question 7

ROM

Answer 7

ROM range of motion

Question 8

MD

Answer 8

MD Doctor of Medicine (Doctor of Medicine - is a doctoral degree for physicians (medical doctors). The degree is given by medical schools. It is a professional doctorate / first professional degree (qualifying degree) in some countries, including the United States and Canada.)

Question 9

Types, Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 9

There are three types of muscle: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth. Skeletal muscles contract on demand to provide posture and locomotion. Cardiac and smooth muscle contract without conscious thought, cardiac muscle to power the heart contractions and smooth muscle to power the movement of food through the digestive system via peristalsis.

Question 10

peristalsis

Answer 10

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Question 11

Functions and Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Answer 11

Your skeletal muscle has the following functions:

1. Movement. All skeletal muscles are attached to bones so when a muscle contracts, your bones move, too (Figure 5.1). This allows you to walk, run, and work with your hands.
2. Posture. The tone of your skeletal muscles holds you straight when sitting, standing, or moving.
3. Body heat. When skeletal muscles contract, they produce the heat needed to maintain your body temperature.
4. Respiration. Skeletal muscles move the chest wall as you breathe.
5. Communication. Skeletal muscles enable you to speak, write, type, gesture, and smile.

Question 12

voluntary muscles

Answer 12

noun. Anatomy. muscle whose action is normally controlled by an individual’s will; mainly skeletal muscle, composed of parallel bundles of striated, multinucleate fibers.

Question 13

NSAID

Answer 13

NSAID nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug

Question 14

RICE

Answer 14

RICE rest, ice, compression, and elevation

Question 15

fascia

Answer 15

A flat band of tissue below the skin that covers underlying tissues and separates different layers of tissue. Fascia also encloses muscles.

Question 16

tendon

Answer 16

a tough cord or band of dense white fibrous connective tissue that unites a muscle with some other part (such as a bone) and transmits the force which the muscle exerts.

Question 17

striations

Answer 17

1 : the fact or state of being striated. 2 : a minute groove, scratch, or channel especially when one of a parallel series. 3 : any of the alternate dark and light cross bands of a myofibril of striated muscle.

Question 18

hypertrophy

Answer 18

Enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part of the body due to the increased size of the constituent cells.

Question 19

atrophy

Answer 19

1 : decrease in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue atrophy of muscles also : arrested development or loss of a part or organ incidental to the normal development or life of an animal or plant.

Question 20

Muscle soreness

Answer 20

can result from vigorous exercise, particularly if your muscles are not used to it. Exercise increases the lactic acid in your muscle fibers, causing inflammation, and produces soreness in the muscles and nearby connective tissue.

Question 21

Muscle cramps

Answer 21

are sudden, short, painful contractions of a muscle or group of muscles. The cause of these cramps is unknown. A poor diet that leads to low blood potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels; caffeine and tobacco use; and reduced blood supply may contribute to muscle cramps. There are no effective medications available.

Question 22

Muscle strains

Answer 22

range from a simple stretch to a partial or complete tear in the muscle, tendon, or muscle-tendon combination. Most strains heal with RICE, followed by basic exercises to relieve pain and restore mobility. A complete tear may require surgery.

Question 23

sprain

Answer 23

is a stretch or tear of a ligament, often in the ankle, knee, or wrist, and is also treated by RICE.

Question 24

Anabolic steroids

Answer 24

are related to testosterone but altered to make skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Used illegally in many sports to boost muscle strength, steroids have noticeable, often irreversible side effects. These include stunted growth in adolescents, shrinking testes and reduced sperm counts, masculinization of women’s bodies and voices, delusions, and paranoid jealousy. Long-term effects may be increased risk of heart attack and stroke, kidney failure, and liver tumors.

Question 25

Fibromyalgia

Answer 25

affects muscles and tendons all over the body, causing chronic pain, fatigue, and depression. Its cause is unknown and there are currently no laboratory tests for it. The only treatment options are pain management, physiotherapy, and stress reduction.

Question 26

tenosynovitis

Answer 26

is the inflammation of the fluid-filled sheath (called the synovium) that surrounds a tendon, typically leading to joint pain, swelling, and stiffness.

Question 27

Thymectomy

Answer 27

removal of the thymus gland—is the usual treatment for myasthenia gravis.

Question 28

myasthenia gravis

Answer 28

a disease characterized by progressive weakness and exhaustibility of voluntary muscles without atrophy or sensory disturbance and caused by an autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular junctions.

Question 29

Toxic myopathies

Answer 29

are a diverse group of muscle disorders caused by a variety of medications and toxins. These conditions may be classified by their presumed pathogenic pattern, which is often either purely necrotizing or vacuolar.

Question 30

CK

Answer 30

CK creatine kinase (creatine kinase - any of three isoenzymes found especially in vertebrate skeletal and myocardial muscle that catalyze the transfer of a high-energy phosphate group from phosphocreatine to ADP with the formation of ATP and creatine

Question 31

CT

Answer 31

CT (CAT) computed tomography scan ( or computed tomography scan is a medical imaging procedure that uses computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting.)

Question 32

DMD

Answer 32

DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy (Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic condition that affects the muscles, leading to muscle wasting that gets worse over time. Mainly occurs in males)

Question 33

EMG

Answer 33

EMG electromyography ( is an electrodiagnostic medicine technique for evaluating and recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. EMG is performed using an instrument called an electromyograph to produce a record called an electromyography.)

Question 34

ESR

Answer 34

ESR erythrocyte sedimentation rate (is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation. )

Question 35

ICD-10

Answer 35

ICD-10 International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, version 10
( The ICD-10 lists 15 codes for different types of myopathy.)

Question 36

MRI

Answer 36

MRI magnetic resonance imaging
(Magnetic resonance imaging is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to form pictures of the anatomy and the physiological processes of the body. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body.)

Question 37

MSA

Answer 37

MSA myositis specific antibody
(Autoantibodies specific for idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (myositis-specific autoantibodies (MSAs)) are clinically useful biomarkers to help the diagnosis of polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM).)

Question 38

PCP

Answer 38

PCP phencyclidine (angel dust) DRUG ( is a drug used for its mind-altering effects. PCP may cause hallucinations, distorted perceptions of sounds, and violent behavior. As a recreational drug, it is typically smoked, but may be taken by mouth, snorted, or injected. )

Question 39

Dermatomyositis

Answer 39

Dermatomyositis is a myopathy producing muscle weakness and skin changes around the eyes and over the knuckles.

Question 40

Polymyositis

Answer 40

Polymyositis is a myopathy producing muscle weakness.

Question 41

Rhabdomyolysis

Answer 41

A breakdown of muscle tissue that releases a damaging protein into the blood.
This muscle tissue breakdown results in the release of a protein (myoglobin) into the blood. Myoglobin can damage the kidneys.
Symptoms include dark, reddish urine, a decreased amount of urine, weakness, and muscle aches.
Early treatment with aggressive fluid replacement reduces the risk of kidney damage.

Question 42

myoglobin

Answer 42

a red protein containing heme, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin.

Question 43

aldolase

Answer 43

Aldolase is an enzyme found in muscle tissue that is active in breaking down sugars for energy. Blood tests that find elevated levels of aldolase can indicate inflammatory disease of the skeletal muscles, and may warrant further testing.

Question 44

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR or sed rate)

Answer 44

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is the rate at which red blood cells in anticoagulated whole blood descend in a standardized tube over a period of one hour. It is a common hematology test, and is a non-specific measure of inflammation.

Question 45

Muscle biopsy

Answer 45

is a procedure in which a piece of muscle tissue is removed from an organism and examined microscopically.

Question 46

Genetic testing

Answer 46

the sequencing of human DNA in order to discover genetic differences, anomalies, or mutations that may prove pathological.

Question 47

oral corticosteroids

Answer 47

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones that are produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates, as well as the synthetic analogues of these hormones.

Question 48

anti-metabolite

Answer 48

is a chemical that inhibits the use of a metabolite, which is another chemical that is part of normal metabolism.

Question 49

Orthopedic appliances

Answer 49

means braces and appliances including durable medical equipment that: is primarily and customarily used to serve a medical purpose, can withstand repeated use

Question 50

pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Answer 50

the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side. In humans it consists of the clavicle and scapula; in those species with three bones in the shoulder, it consists of the clavicle, scapula, and coracoid.

Question 51

originate (muscles that originate)

Answer 51

have a specified beginning.

Question 52

rotator cuff

Answer 52

a capsule with fused tendons that supports the arm at the shoulder joint and is often subject to athletic injury.
*Your rotator cuff keeps the ball of the humerus tightly in the scapula’s socket and provides the kind of strength needed by baseball pitchers.

Question 53

inserted

Answer 53

(of a muscle or other organ) be attached to a part, especially that which is moved.

Question 54

Bursitis

Answer 54

inflammation of a bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow or shoulder.

Question 55

tendonitis

Answer 55

inflammation of a tendon, most commonly from overuse but also from infection or rheumatic disease.

Question 56

deltoid (shoulder muscle)

Answer 56

is a round muscle that goes around the top of your upper arm and shoulder. The main function of the deltoid is to help you lift and rotate your arm. There are three parts of the deltoid muscle that connect your collarbone, shoulder, and shoulder blade to your upper arm.

Question 57

pectoralis major (chest muscle)

Answer 57

is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest of the human body. It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. The pectoralis major’s primary functions are flexion, adduction, and internal rotation of the humerus.

Question 58

latissimus dorsi

Answer 58

either of a pair of large, roughly triangular muscles covering the lower part of the back, extending from the sacral, lumbar, and lower thoracic vertebrae to the armpits.

Question 59

biceps brachii

Answer 59

sometimes known simply as the biceps, is a skeletal muscle that is involved in the movement of the elbow and shoulder. It is a double-headed muscle, meaning that it has two points of origin or ‘heads’ in the shoulder area.

Question 60

brachioradialis

Answer 60

is a muscle of the forearm that flexes the forearm at the elbow. It is also capable of both pronation and supination, depending on the position of the forearm.

Question 61

triceps brachii

Answer 61

The triceps, also triceps brachii (Latin for “three-headed muscle of the arm”), is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. It is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).

Question 62

Tennis elbow

Answer 62

(lateral epicondylitis) is a painful condition that occurs when tendons in your elbow are overloaded, usually by repetitive motions of the wrist and arm.

Question 63

Ganglion cysts

Answer 63

are noncancerous lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of your wrists or hands. They also may occur in the ankles and feet. Ganglion cysts are typically round or oval and are filled with a jellylike fluid.

Question 64

Stenosing tenosynovitis

Answer 64

Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a disorder characterized by catching or locking of the involved finger. Pain may occur in the palm of the hand or knuckles. The name is due to the popping sound made by the affected finger when moved. Most commonly the ring finger or thumb is affected.

Question 65

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Answer 65

is a common condition that causes pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand and arm. The condition occurs when one of the major nerves to the hand — the median nerve — is squeezed or compressed as it travels through the wrist.

Question 66

gluteus muscles

Answer 66

gluteus muscles—maximus, medius, and minimus—and the adductor muscles that run down your inner thigh.

Question 67

quadriceps femoris

Answer 67

is a group of muscles located in the front of the thigh. The Latin translation of ‘quadriceps’ is ‘four-headed,’ 4 as the group contains four separate muscles: the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and the rectus femoris

Question 68

quadriceps tendon (which contains the patella)

Answer 68

quadriceps tendon (which contains the patella) - The four quadriceps muscles meet just above the kneecap (patella) to form the quadriceps tendon. The quadriceps tendon attaches the quadriceps muscles to the patella. The patella is attached to the shinbone (tibia) by the patellar tendon.

Question 69

hamstring muscles

Answer 69

group of muscles and their tendons at the rear of the upper leg. They include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. The hamstrings flex the knee joint and extend the thigh to the backside of the body. They are used in walking, running, and many other physical activities.

Question 70

popliteal fossa

Answer 70

popliteal fossa (sometimes referred to colloquially as the knee pit, or poplit) is a shallow depression located at the back of the knee joint. The bones of the popliteal fossa are the femur and the tibia.

Question 71

gastrocnemius

Answer 71

Along with the soleus muscle, the gastrocnemius forms half of the calf muscle. Its function is plantar flexing the foot at the ankle joint and flexing the leg at the knee joint. The gastrocnemius is primarily involved in running, jumping and other “fast” movements of leg, and to a lesser degree in walking and standing.

Question 72

soleus muscle

Answer 72

the soleus is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking.

Question 73

Achilles (calcaneal) tendon

Answer 73

Achilles tendon or heel cord, also known as the calcaneal tendon, is a tendon at the back of the lower leg, and is the thickest in the human body. It serves to attach the plantaris, gastrocnemius (calf) and soleus muscles to the calcaneus (heel) bone.

Question 74

calcaneus

Answer 74

The calcaneus, also called the heel bone, is a large bone that forms the foundation of the rear part of the foot. The calcaneus connects with the talus and cuboid bones.

Question 75

calcaneus muscles

Answer 75

Three muscles insert on the calcaneus: the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris. These muscles are part of the posterior compartment of the leg and aid in walking, running and jumping. Their specific functions include plantarflexion of the foot, flexion of the knee, and steadying the leg on the ankle during standing.

Question 76

PM&R health professionals

Answer 76

PM&R physicians are medical doctors who have completed training in the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (PM&R), and may be subspecialty certified in Brain Injury Medicine, Hospice and Palliative Medicine, Neuromuscular Medicine, Pain Medicine, Pediatric Rehabilitation Medicine, Spinal Cord Injury

Question 77

physiatry

Answer 77

physiatrist is a medical doctor or doctor of osteopathic medicine who specializes in Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (also called PM&R physicians). Physiatrists diagnose and treat both acute pain and chronic pain and specialize in a wide variety of nonsurgical treatments for the musculoskeletal system.

Question 78

Rehabilitation medicine

Answer 78

The process of helping a person who has suffered an illness or injury restore lost skills and so regain maximum self-sufficiency. For example, rehabilitation work after a stroke may help the patient walk and speak clearly again.

Question 79

Restorative rehabilitation

Answer 79

restores a function that has been lost, such as after a hip fracture, hip replacement, or stroke. This process can be intense, but it’s also usually short term.

Question 80

Maintenance rehabilitation

Answer 80

strengthens and maintains a function that is gradually being lost. It is less intense than restorative rehabilitation but often long term. Problems of senescence (old age), like difficulty with balance or flexibility, require this long-term approach.

Question 81

BKA

Answer 81

BKA below-the-knee amputation

Question 82

IADLs

Answer 82

IADLs instrumental activities of daily living

Question 83

PVD

Answer 83

PVD peripheral vascular disease ( is a blood circulation disorder that causes the blood vessels outside of your heart and brain to narrow, block, or spasm. This can happen in your arteries or veins. )