BIO100 chptr 7 skeletal system Flashcards
1
Q
acetabul-
A
acetabul-, vinegar cup: acetabulum—depression of the hip bone that articulates with the head of the femur.
2
Q
ax-
axis: axial skeleton—
A
ax-, axis: axial skeleton—bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
3
Q
-blast
A
-blast, bud, a growing organism in early stages: osteoblast—cell that will form bone tissue.
4
Q
canal-
A
canal-, channel: canaliculus—tubular passage.
5
Q
carp-
A
carp-, wrist: carpals—wrist bones.
6
Q
-clast
A
-clast, break: osteoclast—cell that breaks down bone tissue.
7
Q
clav-
A
clav-, bar: clavicle—bone that articulates with the sternum and scapula.
8
Q
condyl-
A
condyl-, knob, knuckle: condyle—rounded, bony process.
9
Q
corac-
A
corac-, a crow’s beak: coracoid process—beaklike process of the scapula.
10
Q
cribr-
A
cribr-, sieve: cribriform plate—portion of the ethmoid bone with many small openings.
11
Q
crist-
A
crist-, crest: crista galli—bony ridge that projects upward into the cranial cavity.
12
Q
fov-
A
fov-, pit: fovea capitis—pit in the head of a femur.
13
Q
glen-
A
glen-, joint socket: glenoid cavity—depression in the scapula that articulates with the head of a humerus.
14
Q
inter-
A
inter-, among, between: intervertebral disc—structure between vertebrae.
15
Q
intra-
A
intra-, inside: intramembranous bone—bone that forms within sheetlike masses of connective tissue.
16
Q
lamell-
A
lamell-, thin plate: lamella—thin, bony plate.
17
Q
meat-
A
meat-, passage: external acoustic meatus—canal of the temporal bone that leads inward to parts of the ear.
18
Q
odont-
A
odont-, tooth: odontoid process—toothlike process of the second cervical vertebra.
19
Q
poie-
A
poie-, make, produce: hematopoiesis—process that forms blood cells.
20
Q
Bone classification
A
Bones may be classified according to their shapes—long, short, flat, or irregular
21
Q
Long bones
A
Long bones have long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples of long bones are the forearm and thigh bones.
22
Q
Short bones
A
Short bones have equal lengths and widths. The bones of the wrists and ankles are this type. A special type of short bone is a sesamoid bone, or round bone. This type of bone is usually small and nodular and embedded in a tendon adjacent to a joint, where the tendon is compressed. The kneecap (patella) is a sesamoid bone.
23
Q
Flat bones
A
Flat bones are platelike structures with broad surfaces, such as the ribs, the scapulae, and some bones of the skull.
24
Q
Irregular bones
A
Irregular bones have a variety of shapes, and most are connected to several other bones. Irregular bones include the vertebrae that compose the backbone, and many facial bones.
Parts of a Long Bone
25
epiphysis
1.the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
2.another term for pineal.
One epiphysis, called the proximal epiphysis, is nearest to the torso. The other epiphysis, called the distal epiphysis, is farthest from the torso. The outer surface of the articulating portion of the epiphysis is coated with a layer of hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage
26
articular cartilage
the smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together to form joints.
27
diaphysis
The shaft of the bone is called the diaphysis
28
metaphysis
is the widening part of the bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. ** It contains the growth plate
29
periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping/covering the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
30
processes
Bony projections called processes, for example, provide sites for attachment of ligaments and tendons; grooves and openings are passageways for blood vessels and nerves; and a depression of one bone might articulate with a process of another.
31
compact bone
The wall of the diaphysis is mainly composed of tightly packed tissue called compact bone, also called cortical bone. Compact bone has a continuous extracellular matrix with no gaps
32
spongy bone
| -cancellous bone/trabeculae
The epiphyses, on the other hand, are largely composed of spongy bone, also called cancellous bone, with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces. Spongy bone consists of many branching bony plates called trabeculae
33
medullary cavity
The medullary cavity (medulla, innermost part) is the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored; hence, the medullary cavity is also known as the marrow cavity.
34
marrow
a soft fatty substance in the cavities of bones, in which blood cells are produced
35
osteocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
36
lamellae
a thin layer, membrane, or plate of tissue, especially in bone.
37
central canal (Haversian canal)
surround blood vessels and nerve cells throughout bones and communicate with bone cells (contained in spaces within the dense bone matrix called lacunae) through connections called canaliculi.
38
osteon
Many osteons together form the substance of compact bone. The osteons run longitudinally with the axis of the bone, functioning as weight-bearing pillars, resisting compression.
39
perforating canals (Volkmann’s canals)
also known as perforating holes or channels, are anatomic arrangements in cortical bones.
Volkmann's canals are any of the small channels in the bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone and that communicate with the haversian canals.
40
endochondral bones - The formation of bone is called ossification
is one of the two essential processes during fetal development of the mammalian skeletal system by which bone tissue is created. Unlike intramembranous ossification, which is the other process by which bone tissue is created, cartilage is present during endochondral ossification.
41
intramembranous bones
The flat bones of the skull, clavicles, sternum, and some facial bones, including the mandible, maxillae, and zygomatic bones,
42
osteogenesis
the formation of bone.
43
connective tissue (mesenchyme)
is a type of connective tissue found mostly during embryonic development of bilateral animals (triploblasts). It is composed mainly of ground substance with few cells or fibers.
44
osteocytes
a bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted.
45
endochondral bones
Any bone that develops in and replaces cartilage. The cartilage is then resorbed (reabsorbed), leaving bone in its place. Many bones are formed this way, particularly the long bones of the arms, legs, and ribs. "Endochondral" means "within cartilage."
46
primary ossification center
is the first area of a bone to start ossifying. It usually appears during prenatal development in the central part of each developing bone. In long bones the primary centers occur in the diaphysis/shaft and in irregular bones the primary centers occur usually in the body of the bone.
47
secondary ossification centers
is the area of ossification that appears after the primary ossification center has already appeared – most of which appear during the postnatal and adolescent years. Most bones have more than one secondary ossification center. In long bones, the secondary centers appear in the epiphyses.
48
epiphyseal plate
growth plate -
the chiefly hyaline cartilage that unites an epiphysis with the shaft of a long bone and is the site where the bone grows in length
called also epiphyseal cartilage.
49
zone of proliferating cartilage
slightly larger chondrocytes arranged like stacks of coins undergo interstitial growth as they divide and secrete ECM. The chondrocytes in this zone divide to replacethose that die at the diaphyseal side of the epiphyseal line. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage.
50
zone of hypertrophic cartilage
Chrondrocytes and their lacunae increase in size. Zone of calcification: Deposition of minerals in the matrix surrounding the enlarged lacunae causing cell death. Zone of ossification: Osteoblasts deposit bone matrix on the exposed plates of calcified cartilage.
51
zone of calcified cartilage
Calcified cartilage zone (CCZ) is a thin interlayer of hard tissue, between the hyaline articular cartilage and the subchondral bone 1. Hyaline cartilage is attached to the subchondral bone by this highly mineralized zone
52
osteoclasts
a large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and healing.
53
osteoblasts
a cell that secretes the matrix/material for bone formation.
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Factors Affecting Bone Development, Growth, and Repair
These include nutrition, exposure to sunlight, hormonal secretions, and physical exercise.
55
rickets / osteomalacia
A softening and weakening of bones in children, usually due to inadequate vitamin D.
Vitamin D promotes the body’s absorption of calcium and phosphorus. Extreme or prolonged lack of vitamin D makes it difficult to maintain proper calcium and phosphorus levels in bones, which can cause rickets.
Symptoms include delayed growth, bow legs, weakness, and pain in the spine, pelvis, and legs.
Treatment may involve adding vitamin D or calcium to the diet, medications, or possibly surgery.
56
Osteocalcin
is activated by vitamin K to bind calcium, which in bone is part of the compound hydroxyapatite, the main component of bone matrix.
57
Osteonectin
binds hydroxyapatite and collagen and stimulates mineral crystal deposition in bone.
58
Osteopontin
speeds bone remodeling.
59
hydroxyapatite
a mineral of the apatite group that is the main inorganic constituent of tooth enamel and bone, although it is rare in rocks.
60
pituitary dwarfism
growth hormone deficiency, is a condition in which the pituitary gland does not make enough growth hormone. This results in a child's slow growth pattern and an unusually small stature (below average height).
61
pituitary gigantism
refers to growth hormone (GH) excess that occurs before fusion of the epiphyseal growth plates. Therefore, by definition, the condition is only seen in growing children.
62
acromegaly
n which the hands, feet, and jaw enlarge ( Pituitary Gland, Anterior Pituitary Hormones).
63
hypertrophy
the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells.
"the hypertrophy of the muscle fibers"
64
atrophy
(of body tissue or an organ) waste away, especially as a result of the degeneration of cells, or become vestigial during evolution.
"without exercise, the muscles will atrophy"
65
hematoma
a solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues.
66
Granulation tissue
new vascular tissue in granular form on an ulcer or the healing surface of a wound.
67
phagocytic cells
that protect the body by ingesting harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, "to eat" or "devour", and "-cyte", the suffix in biology denoting "cell", from the Greek kutos, "hollow vessel".
68
fibrocartilage
cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.
69
callus
a thickened and hardened part of the skin or soft tissue, especially in an area that has been subjected to friction.
MEDICINE
the bony healing tissue which forms around the ends of broken bone.
BOTANY
a hard formation of tissue, especially new tissue formed over a wound.
"the exposed surface will quickly form healing callus"
70
hybrid fixator
used in surgery for broken bones- A word on hybrid external fixators: Hybrid fixators are unilateral fixators with a ring attached and behave like monobody designs. Hybrid fixation also refers to the substitution of half pins for some wires when using an Ilizarov ringed fixator, a technique developed in Italy.
71
hematopoiesis
Haematopoiesis is the formation of blood cellular components. All cellular blood components are derived from haematopoietic stem cells.
72
Extraembryonic Membrane
is one of the membranes which assist in the development of the embryo.
73
erythrocytes
red marrow, red blood cells (erythrocytes)
74
leukocytes
white blood cells (leukocytes)
75
hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates. Its molecule comprises four subunits, each containing an iron atom bound to a heme group.
76
Yellow marrow
stores fat and does not produce blood cells. In an adult, red marrow is primarily found in the spongy bone of the skull, ribs, breastbone (sternum), collarbones (clavicles), backbones (vertebrae), and hip bones. If the blood cell supply is deficient, some yellow marrow may become red marrow and produce blood cells. Then, the red marrow reverts to yellow marrow when the deficiency is corrected.
77
autologous
(of cells or tissues) obtained from the same individual.
| "autologous bone marrow transplants"
78
osteopenia
reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis. A condition that occurs when the body doesn't make new bone as quickly as it reabsorbs old bone.
79
osteoporosis
a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.
80
number of human body bones
206, but the number varies because people may lack certain bones or have extra ones.
81
sutures
plural noun: sutures
1.a stitch or row of stitches holding together the edges of a wound or surgical incision.
2.an immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull.
verb
3rd person present: sutures
stitch up (a wound or incision) with a suture.
"the small incision was sutured"
82
skull / cranium
The skull is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones.
83
middle ear bones
the middle ear bones transfer sound vibrations to the hearing receptors.
84
hyoid (hi′oid) bone
is located in the neck between the lower jaw and the larynx. It does not articulate with any other bones but is fixed in position by muscles and ligaments. The hyoid bone supports the tongue and is an attachment for certain muscles that help move the tongue during swallowing. It can be felt approximately a finger’s width above the anterior prominence of the larynx.
85
vertebral column
another term for spinal column.
86
vertebrae (plural)
| vertebra (singular)
each of the series of small bones forming the backbone, having several projections for articulation and muscle attachment, and a hole through which the spinal cord passes.
separated by cartilaginous intervertebral discs.
87
sacrum
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis.
88
coccyx
a small triangular bone at the base of the spinal column in humans and some apes, formed of fused vestigial vertebrae.
89
thoracic cage
protects the organs of the thoracic cavity and the upper abdominal cavity. It is composed of twelve pairs of ribs, which articulate posteriorly with the thoracic vertebrae. It also includes the sternum (ster′num), or breastbone, to which most of the ribs are attached anteriorly.
90
ribs
each of a series of slender curved bones articulated in pairs to the spine (twelve pairs in humans), protecting the thoracic cavity and its organs.
91
sternum
the breastbone part of the thoracic cavity
92
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs and the bones that anchor the limbs to the axial skeleton.
93
pectoral girdle
is formed by a scapula (scap′u-lah), or shoulder blade, and a clavicle (klav′ĭ-k′l), or collarbone, on both sides of the body. The pectoral girdle connects the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and aids in upper limb movements.
94
scapula
technical term for shoulder blade.
95
clavicle
technical term for collarbone.
96
upper limb
upper limb consists of a humerus (hu′mer-us), or arm bone; two forearm bones—a radius (ra′de-us) and an ulna (ul′nah)—and a hand.
97
humerus
humerus (hu′mer-us), or arm bone from shoulder to elbow
98
radius (ra′de-us) and an ulna (ul′nah)
forearm bones - radius distally connects to thumb and ulnar from elbow to the pinky side
99
hand bones
There are eight carpals, or wrist bones. The five bones of the palm are called metacarpals, and the fourteen finger bones are called phalanges.
100
pelvic girdle
is formed by two hip bones attached to each other anteriorly and to the sacrum posteriorly. They connect the bones of the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and, with the sacrum and coccyx, form the pelvis, which protects the lower abdominal and internal reproductive organs.
101
lower limbs
lower limb consists of a femur (fe′mur), or thigh bone; two leg bones—a large tibia (tib′e-ah), or shin bone, and a slender fibula (fib′u-lah)—and a foot.
102
thigh bone
femur, or thigh bone
103
calve bones
two leg bones—a large tibia, or shin bone, and a slender fibula
104
foot bones
There are seven tarsals (tahr′salz), or ankle bones. The five bones of the instep are called metatarsals (met″ah-tar′salz), and the fourteen bones of the toes (like those of the fingers) are called phalanges.
105
number of human skull bones
typically consists of twenty-two bones. Except for the lower jaw, the skull bones are firmly interlocked along immovable joints called sutures. Eight of these interlocked bones make up the cranium and fourteen form the facial skeleton.
106
mandible
mandible, or lower jawbone, is a movable bone held to the cranium by ligaments
107
cranium
the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain.
108
paranasal sinuses
are a group of four paired air-filled spaces that surround the nasal cavity. The maxillary sinuses are located under the eyes; the frontal sinuses are above the eyes; the ethmoidal sinuses are between the eyes and the sphenoidal sinuses are behind the eyes.
109
Condyle (kon′dīl)
Rounded process that usually articulates with another bone
Occipital condyle of the occipital bone (
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Crest (krest)
Narrow, ridgelike projection
Iliac crest of the ilium
111
Epicondyle (ep″ĭ-kon′dīl)
Projection situated above a condyle
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
112
Facet (fas′et)
Small, nearly flat surface
Costal facet of a thoracic vertebra
113
Fissure (fish′ūr)
Cleft or groove
Inferior orbital fissure in the orbit of the eye
114
Fontanel (fon″tah-nel′)
Soft spot in the skull where membranes cover the space between bones
Anterior fontanel between the frontal and parietal bones
115
Foramen (fo-ra′men)
Opening through a bone that usually serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments
Foramen magnum of the occipital bone
116
Fossa (fos′ah)
Relatively deep pit or depression
Olecranon fossa of the humerus
117
Fovea (fo′ve-ah)
Tiny pit or depression
Fovea capitis of the femur
118
Head (hed)
Enlargement on the end of a bone
Head of the humerus
119
Linea (lin′e-ah)
Narrow ridge
Linea aspera of the femur
120
Meatus (me-a′tus)
Tubelike passageway within a bone
External acoustic meatus of the temporal bone
121
Ramus (ra′mus)
Branch or similar extension
Ramus of the mandible
122
Sinus (si′nus)
Cavity within a bone
Frontal sinus of the frontal bone
123
Spine (spīn)
Thornlike projection
Spine of the scapula
124
Sulcus (sul′kus)
Furrow or groove
Intertubucular sulcus of the humerus
125
Suture (soo′cher)
Interlocking line of union between bones
Lambdoid suture between the occipital and parietal bones
126
Trochanter (tro-kan′ter)
Relatively large process
Greater trochanter of the femur
127
Tubercle (tu′ber-kl)
Knoblike process
Tubercle of a rib
128
Tuberosity (tu″bĕ-ros′ĭ-te)
Knoblike process usually larger than a tubercle
Radial tuberosity of the radius
129
frontal (frun′tal) bone
the bone which forms the front part of the skull and the upper part of the eye sockets.
either of the pair of bones from which the frontal bone is formed by fusion in infancy.
130
parietal (pah-ri′ē-tal) bone
a bone forming the central side and upper back part of each side of the skull.
131
occipital (ok-sip′i-tal) bone
Relating to the occiput; referring to the occipital bone or to the back of the head. Synonym(s): occipitalis.
132
temporal (tem′por-al) bone
The temporal bones are situated at the sides and base of the skull, and lateral to the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex. The temporal bones are overlaid by the sides of the head known as the temples, and house the structures of the ears.
133
foramen magnum,
the hole in the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
134
four major skull sutures
```
squamous suture
lambdoid suture
coronal suture
sagittal suture
They connect the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital bones. The coronal suture joins the frontal bone to the parietal bones. ... The squamous suture joins the parietal bones to the temporal bones.
```
135
supraorbital foramen or supraorbital notch
is the small opening at the central edge of the superior orbital margin in the frontal bone just below the superciliary arches that transmits the supra-orbital nerve, artery and vein.
136
occipital condyles
each of two rounded knobs on the occipital bone that form a joint with the first cervical vertebra.
137
mandibular fossae (glenoid fossae)
The mandibular fossa (glenoid fossa) is an oval depression behind the anterior root of the zygomatic process of temporal bone for the reception of the condyle of the mandible.
138
styloid process
a slender projection of bone, such as that from the lower surface of the temporal bone of the skull, or those at the lower ends of the ulna and radius.
139
external acoustic (auditory) meatus
External auditory canal, also called external auditory meatus, or external acoustic meatus, passageway that leads from the outside of the head to the tympanic membrane, or eardrum membrane, of each ear.
140
carotid canal
is the passageway in the temporal bone through which the internal carotid artery enters the middle cranial fossa from the neck. The canal starts on the inferior surface of the temporal bone at the external opening of the carotid canal (also referred to as the carotid foramen).
141
jugular foramen
The jugular foramen is a large foramen (opening) in the base of the skull, located behind the carotid canal. It is formed in front by the petrous portion of the temporal bone, and behind by the occipital bone; it is generally larger on the right than on the left side.
142
(otitis media)
inflammation of the ear, usually distinguished as otitis externa (of the passage of the outer ear), otitis media (of the middle ear), and otitis interna (of the inner ear; labyrinthitis).
143
mastoiditis
inflammation of the mastoid process.
144
zygomatic process
a projection of the temporal bone that forms part of the zygoma.
145
sphenoid (sfe′noid) bone
unpaired bone of the neurocranium. It is situated in the middle of the skull towards the front, in front of the basilar part of the occipital bone. The sphenoid bone is one of the seven bones that articulate to form the orbit.
LOOKS LIKE THE BUTTERFLY/HAS WINGS
146
sella turcica (sel′ah tur′si-ka) (Turk’s saddle)
a depression in the sphenoid bone, containing the pituitary gland.
147
sphenoidal sinuses
A type of paranasal sinus (a hollow space in the bones around the nose). There are two large sphenoid sinuses in the sphenoid bone, which is behind the nose between the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses are lined with cells that make mucus to keep the nose from drying out.
148
ethmoid (eth′moid) bone
is an unpaired bone in the skull that separates the nasal cavity from the brain. It is located at the roof of the nose, between the two orbits. The cubical bone is lightweight due to a spongy construction.
149
olfactory foramina
also known as the cribriform foramina, is the grouping of holes located on the cribriform plate. The cribriform plate forms the roof of the nasal cavity, and the olfactory foramina are in the two depressions lateral to the median blade of the cribriform plate called the crista galli.
150
cribriform (krib′rĭ-form) plates.
The cribriform plate is a sieve-like structure between the anterior cranial fossa and the nasal cavity. It is a part of ethmoid bone and supports the olfactory bulb, which lies in the olfactory fossa.
151
superior nasal concha (kong′kah)
are smaller structures, connected to the middle conchae by nerve-endings, and serve to protect the olfactory bulb. The openings to the posterior ethmoidal sinuses exist under the superior meatus.
152
conchae
1. the depression in the external ear leading to its central opening.
2. any of several thin, scroll-like (turbinate) bones in the sides of the nasal cavity.
153
ethmoidal air cells
evaginations of the mucous membrane of the middle and superior meatus of the nasal cavity into the ethmoidal labyrinth forming multiple small paranasal sinuses; they are subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior ethmoidal sinuses.
154
crista galli
is the upper part of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone, which rises above the cribriform plate. The falx cerebri (fold of the dura mater) attaches to the crista galli.
