CBD Medical Terminology Chptr 4 Flashcards
1
Q
DO
A
DO Doctor of Osteopathy
2
Q
MD
A
MD Doctor of Medicine
3
Q
DC
A
DC Doctor of Chiropractic
4
Q
PT
A
PT Physical Therapist
5
Q
There are four components of the skeletal system
A
- bones,
- cartilage,
- tendons, and
- ligaments.
6
Q
Your skeletal system provides: SUPPORT
A
Support: The bones of your vertebral column, pelvis, and legs hold up your body. The jawbone supports your teeth.
7
Q
Your skeletal system provides: PROTECTION
A
Protection: The skull protects your brain. The vertebral column protects your spinal cord. The rib cage protects your heart and lungs.
8
Q
Your skeletal system provides: BLOOD FORMATION
A
Blood formation: Bone marrow in many bones is the major producer of blood cells, including most of those in your immune system
9
Q
Your skeletal system provides: MINERAL STORAGE & BALANCE
A
Mineral storage and balance: The skeletal system stores calcium and phosphorus and releases them when your body needs them for other purposes.
10
Q
Your skeletal system provides: DETOXIFICATION
A
Detoxification: Bones remove metals like lead and radium from your blood, store them, and slowly release them for excretion.
11
Q
Your skeletal system provides: ENDOCRINE GLANDS
A
Endocrine regulation: Bone cells release a hormone called osteocalcin, which increases insulin secretion and reduces stores of fat.
12
Q
1 Long
Classification of Bones
The bones of your skeletal system are classified by their shape. Each falls into one of the following four shape categories:
A
•Long (considerably longer than they are wide), like the main bones of the limbs, palms, soles, fingers, and toes;
13
Q
2 Short
Classification of Bones
The bones of your skeletal system are classified by their shape. Each falls into one of the following four shape categories:
A
Short (nearly as long as they are wide), like the patella (kneecap) and the bones of the wrists and ankles;
14
Q
3 Flat
Classification of Bones
The bones of your skeletal system are classified by their shape. Each falls into one of the following four shape categories:
A
Flat, like the bones of the skull and the ribs;
15
Q
4 Irregular
Classification of Bones
The bones of your skeletal system are classified by their shape. Each falls into one of the following four shape categories:
A
Irregular, like the vertebrae.
16
Q
diaphysis
A
the shaft or central part of a long bone.
17
Q
cortical bone
A
Cortical bone is the dense outer surface of bone that forms a protective layer around the internal cavity. This type of bone also known as compact bone makes up nearly 80% of skeletal mass and is imperative to body structure and weight bearing because of its high resistance to bending and torsion.
18
Q
epiphysis
A
epiphysis
1.
the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.
2.
another term for pineal.
19
Q
epiphysial plate
A
The epiphyseal plate (or epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate) is a hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone.
20
Q
periosteum
A
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
it protects the bone and anchors blood vessels and nerves to the bone’s surface
21
Q
medulla
A
the inner region of an organ or tissue, especially when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex (as in a kidney, an adrenal gland, or hair).
22
Q
Haversian canals.
A
any of the minute tubes which form a network in bone and contain blood vessels.
23
Q
BMD
A
BMD bone mineral density
24
Q
DEXA
A
DEXA dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
25
FDA
FDA Food and Drug Administration
26
IU
IU international unit(s)
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mg
mg milligram
28
osteoporosis
One of the major bone diseases is osteoporosis, which results from a loss of bone density
More common in women than in men, the incidence of osteoporosis increases with age
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osteopenia
reduced bone mass of lesser severity than osteoporosis.
30
Osteomyelitis:
an inflammation of bone and bone marrow caused by a bacterial infection, such as staphylococcus.
31
Osteomalacia:
a disease (known as rickets in children) caused by vitamin D deficiency where the calcium-lacking bones become soft and flexible, lose their ability to bear weight, and become bowed.
32
Achondroplasia:
a very rare condition where the long bones stop growing in childhood, but the axial skeleton bones are not affected (Figure 4.5). People with this condition are short in stature, with the average adult measuring about 4 feet tall. Although intelligence and life span are normal, the disease is caused by a spontaneous gene mutation that then becomes a dominant gene for succeeding generations.
33
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI)
a rare genetic disorder producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured or broken, often in utero (while inside the uterus).
34
Primary bone cancer is found in three forms:
1. Osteogenic sarcoma occurs most often in bone cells around the knee in adolescents.
2. Ewing sarcoma occurs most often in children and adolescents.
3. Chondrosarcoma arises in cartilage cells, often in the pelvises of older people.
35
Osteogenic sarcoma
Osteogenic sarcoma - BONE CANCER- occurs most often in bone cells around the knee in adolescents.
36
Chondrosarcoma
.Chondrosarcoma - BONE CANCER - arises in cartilage cells, often in the pelvises of older people.
37
Ewing sarcoma
Ewing sarcoma - BONE CANCER - occurs most often in children and adolescents.
38
Closed (also called simple fracture)
Closed (also called simple fracture)
| A bone is broken, but the skin is not broken.
39
Open (also called compound fracture)
Open (also called compound fracture)
| A fragment of the fractured bone breaks the skin, or a wound extends to the site of the fracture.
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Displaced (broken bone)
Displaced The fractured bone parts are out of line.
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complete (broken bone)
Complete A bone is broken into at least two fragments.
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Incomplete fracture / break
Incomplete The fracture does not extend completely across the bone. It can be hairline, as in a stress fracture in the foot, when there is no separation of the two fragments.
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Comminuted break
Comminuted The bone breaks into several pieces, usually two major pieces and several smaller fragments.
44
Transverse fracture / break
Transverse The fracture is at right angles to the long axis of the bone.
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Impacted fracture / break
Impacted The fracture consists of one bone fragment driven into another, resulting in shortening of a limb.
46
spiral fracture / break
Spiral The fracture spirals around the long axis of the bone.
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oblique fracture / break
Oblique The fracture runs diagonally across the long axis of the bone.
48
Linear fracture / break
Linear The fracture runs parallel to the long axis of the bone.
49
greenstick fracture
Greenstick This is a partial fracture. One side breaks, and the other bends.
50
pathologic fracture
Pathologic The fracture occurs in an area of bone weakened by disease, such as cancer.
51
Compression fracture
Compression The fracture occurs in a vertebra from trauma or pathology, leading to the vertebra being crushed.
52
stress fracture
Stress This is a fatigue fracture caused by repetitive, local stress on a bone, as occurs in marching or running.
53
osteoblasts
a cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation.
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callus
the bony healing tissue which forms around the ends of broken bone.
a hard formation of tissue, especially new tissue formed over a wound.
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cancellous
denoting bone tissue with a meshlike structure containing many pores, typical of the interior of mature bones.
56
C5
C5 the fifth cervical vertebra
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C5-C6
C5-C6 the intervertebral space between the fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae
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C6
C6 the sixth cervical vertebra
59
MRI
MRI magnetic resonance imaging (diagnostic technique that produces focused slices of images of structures)
60
Your axial skeleton, the upright axis of your body, includes the:
1. vertebral column,
2. skull, and
3. rib cage.
61
What does the Axial Skeleton protect
The axial skeleton protects the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs—most of the major centers of human physiology.
Within the vertebral column, there are 26 bones divided into the following five regions
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Cervical region of axial skeleton
Cervical region, with 7 vertebrae, labeled C1 to C7 and curved anteriorly;
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Thoracic region of axial skeleton
Thoracic region, with 12 vertebrae, labeled T1 to T12 and curved posteriorly;
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Lumbar region of axial skeleton
Lumbar region, with 5 vertebrae, labeled L1 to L5 and curved anteriorly;
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Sacral region of axial skeleton
Sacral region, with 5 bones that in early childhood fuse into 1 bone curved posteriorly; and
66
Coccyx (tailbone) of axial skeleton
Coccyx (tailbone), with 4 small bones fused together into 1 bone curved posteriorly.
67
intervertebral foramina.
| also called neural foramen, and often abbreviated as IV foramen or IVF
is a foramen between two spinal vertebrae. Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae all have intervertebral foramina. The foramina, or openings, are present between every pair of vertebrae in these areas.
68
Intervertebral discs
a layer of cartilage separating adjacent vertebrae in the spine.
69
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
Scoliosis occurs most often during the growth spurt just before puberty.
Most cases are mild with few symptoms. Some children develop spine deformities that get more severe as they grow. Severe scoliosis can be painful and disabling.
Often, no treatment is necessary. Sometimes a brace or surgery is needed.
70
spine
a series of vertebrae extending from the skull to the small of the back, enclosing the spinal cord and providing support for the thorax and abdomen; the backbone.
71
kyphosis
Kyphosis is an exaggerated curvature of the upper (thoracic) spine that creates a hunchback appearance.
72
cranium
the skull, especially the part enclosing the brain.
73
sutures
an immovable junction between two bones, such as those of the skull.
74
frontal bone
The frontal bone forms the forehead, roofs of the (eye) orbits, and part of the floor of the cranium and contains a pair of right and left frontal sinuses above the orbits.
75
Parietal bones
Parietal bones form the bulging sides and roof of the cranium.
76
occipital bone
The occipital bone forms the back of and part of the base of the cranium.
77
Temporal bones
Temporal bones form the sides of and part of the base of the cranium.
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sphenoid bone
The sphenoid bone forms part of the base of the cranium and the orbits.
79
ethmoid bone
The ethmoid bone is hollow and forms part of the nose, the orbits, and the ethmoid sinuses.
80
Maxillary bone
Maxillary bones form the upper jaw (maxilla), hold the upper teeth, and are hollow, forming the maxillary sinuses.
81
Palatine bones
Palatine bones are located behind the maxilla and cannot be seen on a lateral view of the skull.
82
Zygomatic bones
Zygomatic bones are the prominences of the cheeks (cheekbones) below the eyes.
83
Lacrimal bones
Lacrimal bones form the medial wall of each orbit.
84
Nasal bones
Nasal bones form the sides and bridge of the nose.
85
mandible
The mandible is the lower jawbone, which holds the lower teeth. The mandible articulates (joins) with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
86
Shoulder separation
Shoulder separation is a dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint, often caused by a fall onto the point of the shoulder.
The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. It is a plane synovial joint.
87
acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint
The acromioclavicular joint, or AC joint, is a joint at the top of the shoulder. It is the junction between the acromion (part of the scapula that forms the highest point of the shoulder) and the clavicle. It is a plane synovial joint.
88
Shoulder dislocation
Shoulder dislocation occurs when the ball of the humerus slips out of the scapula’s socket, usually anteriorly.
89
Shoulder subluxation
Shoulder subluxation occurs when the ball of the humerus slips partially out of position in the socket, and then moves back in.
90
humerus
Your upper arm extends from your shoulder to your elbow and contains only one bone, the humerus
91
trochlea
At the lower end of the humerus, the trochlea articulates with the ulna bone of the forearm
the groove at the lower end of the humerus forming part of the elbow joint.
92
ulna
the thinner and longer of the two bones in the human forearm, on the side opposite to the thumb.
93
capitulum
capitulum articulates with the radius
a rounded protuberance of an anatomical part: as. a : the knob at the end of a bone or cartilage
94
radius
the thicker and shorter of the two bones in the human forearm.
95
olecranon
Elbowsthe bony prominence that extends from the ulna.
96
bursa
a fluid-filled sac or saclike cavity, especially one countering friction at a joint.
97
bursitis
inflammation of a bursa, typically one in the knee, elbow or shoulder.
98
aspiration
Aspiration means to draw in or out using a sucking motion. It has two meanings: Breathing in a foreign object (sucking food into the airway). A medical procedure that removes something from an area of the body. These substances can be air, body fluids, or bone fragments.
99
Tennis elbow
can be caused by repetitive wrist and arm motions.
Pain is the primary symptom. It usually occurs on the outside of the elbow and sometimes in the forearm and wrist.
Treatment includes rest, pain relievers, and physical therapy.
100
PO
po by mouth
101
prn
prn when necessary
102
Colles fracture
a fracture of the lower end of the radius in the wrist with a characteristic backward displacement of the hand.
103
Carpal tunnel syndrome
a painful condition of the hand and fingers caused by compression of a major nerve where it passes over the carpal bones through a passage at the front of the wrist, alongside the flexor tendons of the hand. It may be caused by repetitive movements over a long period, or by fluid retention, and is characterized by sensations of tingling, numbness, or burning.
104
phalanges.
a bone of the finger or toe.
105
metacarpals
any of the five bones of the hand.
106
metacarpophalangeal
of, relating to, or involving both the metacarpus and the phalanges a metacarpophalangeal joint.
107
Osteoarthritis (OA)
A type of arthritis that occurs when flexible tissue at the ends of bones wears down.
The wearing down of the protective tissue at the ends of bones (cartilage) occurs gradually and worsens over time.
Joint pain in the hands, neck, lower back, knees, or hips is the most common symptom.
Medications, physical therapy, and sometimes surgery can help reduce pain and maintain joint movement.
108
Heberden nodes
a bony enlargement of the terminal joint of a finger commonly associated with osteoarthritis — compare bouchard's node.
109
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease that causes chronic inflammation of the joints. Autoimmune diseases are illnesses that occur when the body's tissues are mistakenly attacked by their own immune system.
Symptoms: Swelling (medical)
Treatments: Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug
110
rheumatic nodules
A rheumatoid nodule is a local swelling or tissue lump, usually rather firm to touch, like an unripe fruit, which occurs almost exclusively in association with rheumatoid arthritis. Very rarely rheumatoid nodules occur as rheumatoid nodulosis in the absence of arthritis.
111
Your pelvic girdle
Your pelvic girdle consists of your two hip bones that articulate anteriorly with each other at the symphysis pubis and posteriorly with the sacrum (a triangular-shaped bone in your lower back). This forms the bowl-shaped pelvis. The two joints between your hip bones and the sacrum are called sacroiliac joints.
112
symphysis pubis
a secondary cartilaginous joint (a joint made of hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage) located between the left and right pubic bones near the midline of the body. More specifically, it is located above any external genitalia and in front of the bladder.
113
sacrum (a triangular-shaped bone in your lower back)
a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis.
114
pelvis.
the large bony structure near the base of the spine to which the hind limbs or legs are attached in humans and many other vertebrates.
115
sacroiliac joints. SI
SI Joint
| The two joints between your hip bones and the sacrum
116
The pelvic girdle has these functions:
1. Supports the axial skeleton;
2. Transmits the upper body’s weight to the lower limbs;
3. Provides attachments for the lower limbs; and
4. Protects the internal reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and distal segment of the large intestine.
117
Each of your hip bones is actually a fusion of three bones
the ilium, ischium, and pubis
This fusion occurs in the region of the acetabulum, a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral surface of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur, or thigh bone
118
ilium
is the uppermost and largest part of the hip bone
119
ischium
the curved bone forming the base of each half of the pelvis.
120
pubis
either of a pair of bones forming the two sides of the pelvis.
121
acetabulum
the socket of the hipbone, into which the head of the femur fits.
122
radiology
the science dealing with X-rays and other high-energy radiation, especially the use of such radiation for the diagnosis and treatment of disease.
123
arthrodesis
surgical immobilization of a joint by fusion of the adjacent bones.
124
Diastasis symphysis pubis
is the separation of normally joined pubic bones, as in the dislocation of the bones, without a fracture.
125
hip joint
is a ball-and-socket mechanism formed by the head of your femur (thigh bone) and the acetabulum (cup-shaped hip socket) of your hip bone
126
labrum
is the articular cartilage that forms a rim around the hip joint socket, cushioning the joint and helping to keep your femoral head in place in the socket.
127
Avascular necrosis
of the femoral head is the death (necrosis) of bone tissue when the blood supply is cut off (avascular), usually as a result of trauma.
Avascular necrosis is associated with long-term steroid use and drinking too much alcohol. It's most common in people between the ages of 30 and 60 and often affects the hip.
128
Arthroplasty
a total replacement of the hip joint with a metal prosthesis
129
prosthesis
an artificial body part, such as a leg, a heart, or a breast implant.
130
Arthrodesis
Arthrodesis is a surgical procedure that fixates or stiffens a joint.
131
ACL
ACL anterior cruciate ligament (cruciate means X - a ligament that crosses like in the leg)
132
PCL
PCL posterior cruciate ligament (cruciate means X - a ligament that crosses like in the leg)
133
tibiofibular joint
The proximal tibiofibular articulation (also called superior tibiofibular joint) is an arthrodial joint between the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula.
134
menisci
a thin fibrous cartilage between the surfaces of some joints, e.g. the knee.
135
hyperflexion
refers to the movement of a flexor muscle beyond its normal limit.
136
Patellar subluxation
is a partial dislocation of the kneecap (patella). It's also known as patellar instability or kneecap instability.
137
Prepatellar bursitis (“housemaid’s knee”)
. It is caused by inflammation of a small fluid-filled sac (the bursa) in front of the kneecap. It more commonly occurs in people who spend long periods of time kneeling.
138
Tendinitis
nflammation of a tendon, most commonly from overuse but also from infection or rheumatic disease.
139
Arthrocentesis
Arthrocentesis is the aspiration of knee joint fluid, which is examined to establish a diagnosis
140
Arthrography
Arthrography is an X-ray of a joint after injection of a contrast medium (harmless dye) into the joint to make the inside details of the joint visible.
141
Diagnostic arthroscopy
Diagnostic arthroscopy is an exploratory procedure performed using an arthroscope to examine the internal compartments of the knee joint.
142
debridement
the removal of damaged tissue or foreign objects from a wound.
143
Arthroplasty
Arthroplasty involves a total replacement of the knee joint, usually because of osteoarthritis. The damaged cartilage and bone from the knee joint’s surface are removed and replaced with metal and plastic.
144
talus bone
talus is the most superior of the seven tarsal bones of the ankle and its upper surface articulates with the tibia
145
tarsal bone
the part of the foot of a vertebrate between the metatarsus and the leg; in human beings the bones of the ankle and heel collectively.
146
calcaneus
The heel bone is called the calcaneus.
147
metatarsal bones
Attached to the tarsal bones are the five parallel metatarsal bones. These bones form the instep and the ball of the foot, where they bear weight.
148
Podiatry
Podiatry is a health care specialty concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of disorders and injuries of the foot and toenails.
149
Podiatrist (DPM)
A podiatrist is not an MD but is a doctor of podiatric medicine (DPM). - a person who treats the feet and their ailments.
150
Bunions - also called a hallux valgus
deformities that appear as swollen bones, often occur at the base of the big toe. A bunion is also called a hallux valgus, and it causes the metatarsophalangeal joint to misalign and stick out.
151
Pott fracture
Pott fracture is a fracture of the fibula near the ankle, often accompanied by a fracture of the medial malleolus of the tibia.
152
BMD
BMD bone mineral density
- Bone mineral density (BMD) screening using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA scan) is used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis.
Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
153
CAT
CAT computed tomography
- Computed tomography (CAT or CT) scan provides a series of detailed pictures of parts of the body, taken from different angles, that are created by an X-ray machine linked to a computer.
Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
154
(CT)
(CT) scan
- Computed tomography (CAT or CT) scan provides a series of detailed pictures of parts of the body, taken from different angles, that are created by an X-ray machine linked to a computer.
Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
155
DEXA
DEXA dual-energy X-ray
- Bone mineral density (BMD) screening using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA scan) is used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis.
Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
156
(DXA)
(DXA) absorptiometry
- Bone mineral density (BMD) screening using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA scan) is used to diagnose and follow osteoporosis.
Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
157
ERT
ERT estrogen replacement therapy
158
MRI
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a magnet linked to a computer to create detailed pictures of body parts without using X-rays.
Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
159
PET
PET positron emission tomography
- Positron emission tomography (PET) scan uses radioactive glucose that is injected into the bloodstream and a scanner that makes a computerized picture of body parts where the glucose is being used. Cancer cells can use more glucose than normal cells and can be detected by the scan.
Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
160
SERM
SERM selective estrogen receptor modulator
161
Nuclear bone scan
Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
& Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
Nuclear bone scan involves a radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream. From there, it travels into the bones and is detected by a special camera. It can show a bone infection, a fracture not clearly seen on X-ray, arthritis, and primary or metastatic cancer.
162
Blood tests
| Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
Blood tests examine serum calcium, serum alkaline phosphate, and serum phosphate, which can be abnormal in metabolic bone disorders.
163
Bone biopsy
| Diagnostic Procedures for Metabolic Bone Disorders
Bone biopsy is the ultimate way to establish a diagnosis of osteomalacia.
164
X-ray
X-ray shows the location, shape, and size of a bone tumor.
165
Biopsy can be a needle or incisional biopsy.
| -Diagnostic Procedures for Bone Cancer
an examination of tissue removed from a living body to discover the presence, cause, or extent of a disease.
166
Therapeutic Procedures for Bone Disorders
Surgery
Chemotherapy is the use of anticancer drugs, often in combinations, to kill cancer cells. Numerous drugs are available.
Radiotherapy uses high-energy X-rays to kill cancer cells and is often used with surgery.
Cryosurgery uses liquid nitrogen to freeze and kill cancer cells.
Drug therapy : like - estrogen replacement therapy (ERT), anti-estrogens (SERMs), or bone-preserving medications such as calcitonin. A class of drugs called bisphosphonates prevents the loss of bone mass and is used in the treatment of osteoporosis, Paget disease, osteogenesis imperfecta, and any condition that features bone fragility.
