BIO100 Chptr 6

Question 1

alb-

Answer 1

alb-, white: albinism—lack of pigment in skin, hair, and eyes.

Question 2

cut-

Answer 2

cut-, skin: subcutaneous—beneath the skin.

Question 3

derm-

Answer 3

derm-, skin: dermis—inner layer of the skin.

Question 4

epi-

Answer 4

epi-, upon, after, in addition: epidermis—outer layer of the skin.

Question 5

follic-

Answer 5

follic-, small bag: hair follicle—tubelike depression in which a hair develops.follic-

Question 6

hol-

Answer 6

hol-, entire, whole: holocrine gland—gland that discharges the entire cell containing the secretion.

Question 7

kerat-

Answer 7

kerat-, horn: keratin—protein produced as epidermal cells die and harden.

Question 8

melan-

Answer 8

melan-, black: melanin—dark pigment produced by certain cells.

Question 9

por-

Answer 9

por-, passage, channel: pore—opening by which a sweat gland communicates to the skin’s surface.

Question 10

seb-

Answer 10

seb-, grease: sebaceous gland—gland that secretes an oily substance.

Question 11

sudor-

Answer 11

sudor-, sweat: sudoriferous glands—exocrine glands that secrete sweat.

Question 12

skin-cutaneous membrane

Answer 12

The skin is composed of several types of tissues. Also known as the cutaneous membrane

Question 13

epidermis

Answer 13

the skin includes two distinct layers: epithelial tissue overlying connective tissue. The outer layer, called the epidermis (ep″i-der′mis), is composed of stratified squamous epithelium. The inner layer, or dermis

Question 14

dermis

Answer 14

the skin includes two distinct layers: The inner layer, or dermis (der′mis), is thicker than the epidermis and is made up of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, smooth muscle tissue, nervous tissue, and blood.

Question 15

basement membrane

Answer 15

A basement membrane anchored to the dermis by short fibrils separates the two skin layers.

Question 16

subcutaneous (sub″ku-ta′ne-us) layer, or hypodermis

Answer 16

Beneath the dermis, masses of areolar and adipose tissues bind the skin to underlying organs. These tissues are not part of the skin.

Question 17

Intradermal injections

Answer 17

are administered into the skin.

Subcutaneous injections and intramuscular injections, administered into muscles, are also called hypodermic injections.

Question 18

Subcutaneous injections

Answer 18

are administered through a hollow needle into the subcutaneous layer beneath the skin
Subcutaneous injections and intramuscular injections, administered into muscles, are also called hypodermic injections.

Question 19

keratinization (ker″ah-tin″i-za′shun).

Answer 19

The cell membranes of older skin cells thicken and develop many desmosomes that fasten them to each other . At the same time, these older cells begin to harden, in a process called keratinization (ker″ah-tin″i-za′shun). Strands of tough, fibrous, waterproof keratin proteins are synthesized and stored in the cell.

Question 20

stratum corneum

Answer 20

the horny outer layer of the skin. (Dead skin cells that flake off when ya rub with a towel)

Question 21

melanocytes - melanin

Answer 21

melanocytes produce the pigment melanin (mel′ah-nin) from the amino acid tyrosine in organelles called melanosomes. Melanin provides skin color. Melanin also absorbs ultraviolet radiation in sunlight, which would otherwise cause mutations in the DNA of skin cells and other damaging effects.

Question 22

stratum corneum

Answer 22

Stratum corneum-

Outermost layer - layer 1

Many layers of keratinized, dead epithelial cells that are flattened and non-nucleated

Question 23

Stratum lucidum

Answer 23

Stratum lucidum (only present in thick skin)

layer - 2
Between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum on soles and palms

Cells appear clear; nuclei, organelles, and cell membranes are no longer visible

Question 24

Stratum granulosum

Answer 24

Stratum granulosum

Beneath the stratum corneum - layer 3

Three to five layers of flattened granular cells that contain shrunken fibers of keratin and shriveled nuclei

Question 25

Stratum spinosum

Answer 25

Stratum spinosum

Beneath the stratum granulosum - layer 4

Many layers of cells with centrally located, large, oval nuclei and developing fibers of keratin; cells becoming flattened

Question 26

Stratum basale

Answer 26

Stratum basale (basal cell layer)

Deepest layer - layer 5

A single row of cuboidal or columnar cells that divide and grow; this layer also includes melanocytes

Question 27

eumelanin (u-mel′ah-nin)

Answer 27

Skin color is due largely to melanin, primarily the brownish-black eumelanin (u-mel′ah-nin) in the epidermis.
Differences in skin color result from differences in the amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes, which is controlled by several genes.

Question 28

pheomelanin

Answer 28

The reddish-yellow pheomelanin (fe″o-mel′ah-nin) is found in certain locations, such as the lips.
Differences in skin color result from differences in the amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes, which is controlled by several genes.

Question 29

cutaneous carcinomas

(basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma)

Answer 29

The two most common kinds of skin cancer -
which are sometimes called nonmelanoma skin cancer. These cancers are carcinomas that begin in the cells that cover or line an organ.

Question 30

Nails

Answer 30

are protective coverings on the ends of the fingers and toes. Each nail consists of a nail plate that overlies a surface of skin called the nail bed.

Question 31

dermal papillae

Answer 31

are small, nipple-like extensions (or interdigitations) of the dermis into the epidermis. At the surface of the skin in hands and feet, they appear as epidermal or papillary ridges (colloquially known as fingerprints).

Question 32

hair follicle

Answer 32

Each hair develops from a group of epidermal stem cells at the base of a tubelike depression called a hair follicle (hār fol′ĭ-kl). These stem cells originate from a region near the bottom of the hair follicle, known as the hair bulge, and migrate downward. The follicle also contains the hair root, which can extend from the surface into the dermis and sometimes into the subcutaneous layer.

Question 33

arrector pili muscle

Answer 33

A bundle of smooth muscle cells, forming the arrector pili muscle, attaches to each hair follicle. When the muscle contracts, a short hair in the follicle stands on end.

Question 34

Sebaceous glands

Answer 34

contain groups of specialized epithelial cells and are usually associated with hair follicles. They are holocrine glands, and their cells produce globules of a fatty material that accumulate, swelling and bursting the cells. The resulting mixture of fatty material and cellular debris is called sebum.

Question 35

sebum

Answer 35

an oily secretion of the sebaceous glands.

Question 36

androgenic alopecia

Answer 36

Pattern baldness - it is associated with testosterone, an androgenic (male) hormone

Question 37

Sweat (swet) glands

- also called sudoriferous glands

Answer 37

Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial surface by way of a duct.

Question 38

merocrine sweat glands

Answer 38

are coiled tubular glands that discharge their secretions directly onto the surface of the skin. The clear secretion produced by merocrine glands is termed sweat or sensible perspiration.

Question 39

apocrine (ap′o-krin) sweat glands

Answer 39

Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas abundant in hair follicles, such as on your scalp, armpits and groin.

Question 40

Eccrine glands

Answer 40

occur over most of your body and open directly onto the surface of your skin.

Question 41

acne vulgaris

Answer 41

is the formation of comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and/or cysts as a result of obstruction and inflammation of pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland). Acne develops on the face and upper trunk. It most often affects adolescents.

Question 42

The primary means of body heat loss is

body heat protection and loss

Answer 42

radiation - by which infrared heat rays escape from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings.

Question 43

conduction (body heat protection and loss)

Answer 43

In conduction, heat moves from the body directly into the molecules of cooler objects in contact with its surface.

Question 44

convection (body heat protection and loss)

Answer 44

As air becomes heated, it moves away from the body, carrying heat with it, and is replaced by cooler air moving toward the body. This type of continuous circulation of air over a warm surface is convection

Question 45

evaporation (body heat protection and loss)

Answer 45

When the body temperature rises above normal, the nervous system stimulates merocrine sweat glands to release sweat onto the surface of the skin. As this fluid evaporates (changes from a liquid to a gas), it carries heat away from the surface, cooling the skin.

Question 46

hyperthermia

Answer 46

the condition of having a body temperature greatly above normal.

Question 47

Hypothermia

Answer 47

is a medical emergency that occurs when your body loses heat faster than it can produce heat, causing a dangerously low body temperature. Normal body temperature is around 98.6 F (37 C)

Question 48

Inflammation

Answer 48

is a normal response to injury or stress.

Question 49

first-degree burn -First (superficial)

Answer 49

red and dry, but without blisters (such as mild sunburn) top layer of skin (epidermis) temporary skin color changes

Question 50

second-degree burn

Answer 50

red, swollen, and blistered skin top and middle layers of skin (dermis) may cause an increase in skin thickness

Question 51

third-degree burn

Answer 51

white and charred-looking epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous (fat) tissues extensive skin damage, including thicker skin and scars as it heals

Question 52

fourth-degree burn

Answer 52

charred skin with possible exposed bone skin, tendons, nerves, and possibly muscles may cause permanent damage to affected area, requiring amputations

Question 53

fith-degree burn

Answer 53

charred, white skin and exposed bone skin, tendons, muscles, and bones permanent body damage, amputation, and organ damage possible

Question 54

sixth-degree burn

Answer 54

loss of skin with exposed bone extends to the bones same as fifth-degree burns, but with possible fatalities

Question 55

allograft

Answer 55

a tissue graft from a donor of the same species as the recipient but not genetically identical.