MEDICAL AND SURGICAL ASEPSIS Flashcards
- clinical condition where infectious agents are spread throughout the individual’s body
- from a localized site of infection and manifest with symptoms of organ damage.
- indicates bacterial contamination or infection
- development of systemic reaction to bacterial infection
Sepsis
- a condition in which the individual and his surrounding environment are free of any microorganisms.
- Absence of significant contamination
- to protect patient from nosocomial (hospital acquired) infections & to keep
pathogenic microorganisms from spreading
Asepsis
- Clean technique
- absence of disease - producing
microoganisms - Involves procedures / practices that reduce or decrease the number & prevent spread in gen. Clinical setting
MEDICAL ASEPSIS
- Sterile technique
- Procedures aimed in eliminating all microorganisms from the area of the surgical site & or area
- applied in non intact skin and when internal areas of the body is involved in the procedure.
SURGICAL ASEPSIS
- Frequent hand washing
- Prompt and safe disposal of contaminated materials like mask, bandages and needles
- Regular checking and emptying of containers for surgical drains like jackson- pratt, t-tube drains
- Prompt cleaning of soiled and moist areas
- Proper labeling of containers regarding the date and time of disposal
General Medical Aseptic Procedures
- thorough cleaning of the OR: detergent or detergent germicides, soap and water
- all equipment that would directly in contact with the patient must be sterilized: autoclave or chemical agents
- ensure sterility of the packages: keep dry and intact when not in use use of sterile surgical clothing, OR gowns and other protective devices like gloves, face mask, face shields, googles (serve as barriers)
- use of sterile drapes
- observance of sterile principles ( sterile to sterile)
- skin preparations: shaving and cleaning
- surgical scrub must be performed: long acting powerful antimicrobial soap (2-5 minutes)
Aseptic Procedures in the Operating Room
- Set of specific practices, procedures performed to make equipment, areas free from all microorganisms and to maintain that sterility
- Includes use of sterile equipment, a sterile gown and gloves commonly practiced in O.R., LR-DR, & spl procedures or diagnostic areas.
- Used when performing sterile procedure at the bedside: inserting devices into sterile areas of the body or cavities (e.g., insertion of chest tube, central venous line, or indwelling urinary catheter).
- Used when skin integrity is accessed, impaired, or broken such as in pt. w/ burns or during surgical incisions.
Sterile Technique
- growth of microorganisms in the body.
Infection
- disease in which pathogens invade a susceptible host and
carry out at least part of their life cycle in that host.
Infectious disease
- The cycle of infection
- Chain with 6 links
- To produce disease, each link in the infectious process must be present in a
logical sequence. - Removing one link in the chain will stop the infection cycle.
Infection Process
- Infectious agent or etiological agent is a living organism that causes an infectious disease.
Agent of infection
- Microorganism causes disease in humans
Pathogen
- any natural habitat of m.o. that promotes growth & reproduction.
- The habitat in which the agent normally lives, grows, & multiplies.
- include humans, animals, and the environment.
Reservoir
- point of escape from the reservoir.
- Human exit routes are gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genitourinary systems; tissue; and blood.
- Handwashing can prevent the spread of microorganisms or cross contamination
Exit route/Portal of exit
- Types of human reservoir
o Cases
o Carriers
- Process by which a pathogen spreads from one host to another.
- Infections are transmitted through direct transmission (directly from an infected person) and indirect transmission (not transmitted directly)
Mode of Transmission
- An microorganism must accept the host for it to continue to live and flourish
- An infection will develop as the strength and numbers of the microorganism grow within the host.
Susceptible hosts
- A way to enter the susceptible host.
- When the host’s defense mechanisms are reduced, the microorganism has a greater chance to enter.
- The skin is the first line of defense and should be kept intact, lubricated, and clean.
Entry of Microorganisms
- Those that are incubating at the time of hospital admission
- Acquired outside of healthcare facility
Community-Acquired Infection
- Used to minimize contamination.
- In the hospital facility, a break in infection’s chain of transmission is possible by encouraging the nurse to use aseptic technique.
Aseptic Techniques
- infection(s) acquired during the process of receiving health care that was not present during the time of admission
Nosocomial infection
are used to minimize spread of microbes to protect patients/ residents, staff, & visitors from contact with pathogens.
* Tips:
o Proper handwashing
o Use gown/gloves/mask
o Proper handling & disposal of secretions/excretions
o Placement of pt
Universal precautions
- process of separating an individual w/ an infectious disease from the rest of healthy population to prevent spread of infection
ISOLATION
- are fundamental, minimum measures that are applied to every person
- to avoid pathogen transmission from one person to another for all levels of health care, regardless of whether a patient’s infection status is confirmed, suspected, or unknown.
- are hand hygiene, use of PPE, respiratory hygiene & cough etiquette, disinfection of patient-care equipment/instruments, environmental cleaning/disinfection, safe injection practices, patient placement, safe resuscitation and lumbar puncture
Standard Precautions
- Procedures for w/ known or suspected infections that are highly transmissible or epidemiologically important pathogens.
- Utilized when standard precautions do not completely interrupt transmission route.
Transmission-based Precautions
- requires some form of touch to spread an infection
- Infection/Condition
o Colonization or infection
o Major wound infections; herpes simplex
o Scabies; varicella zoster - Barrier Protection
o Private room
o Gloves, gowns
Contact Precautions
Types of contact transmission
o Direct transmission
o Indirect transmission
- Infection is transmitted from 1 infected person to another
Direct transmission
- When pathogens are transferred via a contaminated intermediate object or person
Indirect transmission
- Larger than 5 um in size-pathogens travels from Respiratory to susceptible mucosal surface of recipient
- Ex. By sneezing , coughing
- Infection/Condition
o Diphtheria (pharyngeal),
o Rubella, pneumonia or scarlet fever
o Pertussis, mumps, pneumonia, COVID 19 - Barrier Protection
o Private room
o Surgical mask
Droplet Precautions
- Less than 5 um in size
Airborne Precautions - Transmission occurs w/ dissemination of airborne droplet nuclei or small particles containing pathogens.
- Examples of Diseases
o Anthrax
o Chickenpox (Varicella)
o Influenza
o Meningitis (Neisseria meningitidis)
o Measles (Rubeola) - Barrier Protection
o Door must be closed at all times
o Private room with negative pressure
o N95 mask
Airborne Precautions
- largely due to percutaneous injuries
- Infection/Diseases
o HIV
o hepatitis B and C
o malaria
o measles
o herpes
o chickenpox - Barrier Protection
o PPE
o Sharps disposal should be in an approved puncture-proof “sharp-only” locked and secured bin.
o All sharps should not be re-capped.
Bloodborne Precautions
- most frequent source of organism leading to outbreak of infection
Hand
- basic means to prevent spread of microorganism
Hand Washing
should be kept short
Fingernails
is a single-patient room that is equipped w/ special air handling & ventilation systems under negative pressure.
Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms (AIIR)
(barrier nursing)
where the patient is the source of infection
Examples: COVID 19
o Isolation/ Source Isolation
Protective Isolation (reverse barrier nursing)
Barrier protection designed to prevent infection in a compromised and highly susceptible client
Source of microorganism : health care professionals and relatives, environment
Ex: burned patients, chemo patients, transplant recepients
o Reverse Isolation
o Process by w/c most form of m.o. in NON-LIVING objects are destroyed, w/o destroying saprophytes & endospore
Disinfection
o The use of chem agents on living tissues
o To prevent spread of m.o.
o By inhibiting or destroying them
- Antisepsis
- Causing the death of bacteria
Bactericidal or Germicidal
o Agents capable of inhibiting growth of bacteria
o w/o necessarily killing them
Bacteriostatic
- Agents that destroy spores, fungi & viruses
Sporicidal, fungicidal, viricidal
