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MICROPARA > BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY > Flashcards

BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Basic shapes of Bacteria

A

Cocci
Bacilli
Spirilla

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2
Q
  • Greek “kokkos” = berry or seed
  • Oval
  • Round
  • Spherical
  • Diameter ranges from 0.5 to 1.0 micrometer
  • Example: Staphylococcus, Streptococcus
A

Cocci - Plural
Coccus - Singular

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3
Q
  • In pairs
  • Example: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhea), Neisseria
    meningitides (Meningococcal)
A

Diplococci

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3
Q

Arrangement of Bacteria (Cocci)

A
  • Diplococci
  • Streptococci
  • Staphylococcus
  • Sarcina or Octad
  • Tetrad
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3
Q
  • In chains
  • Example: Streptococci pyogenes (strep throat), Streptococci mutans (tooth decay)
A

Streptococci

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4
Q
  • Cube-like packet of 4 cocci
  • Example: Aerococcus (found in urine - cause UTI, septicemia/bacteriamia, endocarditis) Tetragenococcus (fermentation of miso)
A

Tetrad

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4
Q
  • Irregular, grape-like cluster
  • Example: Staphylococcus aureus (skin infection, food poisoning)
A

Staphylococcus

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5
Q
  • Latin = Little staff or wand
  • Rod Shaped
  • Cylindrical
  • Usual size 0.5-1.0 µm wide and from 1-4 µm long
  • Example: Escherichia coli, Salmonella
A

Bacilli – Plural
Bacillus (Singular)

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6
Q
  • Sarcina ventriculi
  • tetrad characteristic morphology and able to survive in extreme low pH environment
  • Cube-like packet of 8 cocci
  • Example: Sarcina aurantiaca (normal flora of skin/GIT body odor)
A

Sarcina or Octad

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6
Q

Arrangement of Bacteria (bacilli)

A
  • Diplobacilli
  • Streptobacilli
  • Palisades
  • Coccobacillus
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6
Q
  • two bacilli linked end to end
  • Example: Klebsiela rhinoscleromatis (cause URTI,
    pneumonia)
A

Diplobacilli

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7
Q
  • In chains
  • Example: Streptobacillus
    moniliformis (cause of Rat Bite
    Fever)
A

Streptobacilli

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8
Q
  • Fence - like
  • Example: Chlamydia trachomatis
A

Palisades

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9
Q
  • Short ROD-shaped often mistaken as coccus
  • Example: Haemophilus influenza
A

Coccobacillus

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10
Q
  • Spiral shape
  • Curved bacteria
  • Can be a gently curved shape to a corkscrew-like
  • Many are rigid and capable of movement
  • Example: Campylobacter jejuni, Helicobacteri pyori, Treponema pallidum
A

Spirilla (Plural)
Spirillum (Singular)

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11
Q

Varieties of Spirillum

A
  • Vibrio cholerae
  • Spirochetes
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11
Q
  • Short curved ROD
  • Comma-shaped
  • Less than one complete turn or
    twist in the cell
  • Vibrios - Plural
A

Vibrio cholerae

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12
Q
  • Helical shape and flexible bodies
  • Move by means of axial filaments
  • Example: Spirochaeta,
    Treponema, Borrelia, Leptospira
    a species (Leptospira interrogans)
A

Spirochetes

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13
Q
  • Pleo = many
  • Morphic = shape
  • Deinococcus radiodurans
  • Example: Legionella pneumophila
  • Ability of some bacteria to alter
    their shape or size in response to
    environmental conditions
A

Pleomorphic

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13
Q
  • gram-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, generally nonmotile rods
  • Example: Corynebacterium diphtheria
A

Club-Shaped

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14
Q

– Prokaryotes (bacteria), Eukaryotes (fungi, protozoa, algae)

A

Cellular

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15
Q

o Makes it possible to transfer genetic material from one organism to another and deliberately alter DNA

A
  • Recombinant DNA technology
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15
Q

– Viruses

A

Acellular

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16
Q

Microorganisms

A
  1. Cellular
  2. Acellular
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17
Q

o Historical uses of microbes by humans:
 Bread production, Alcohol production, Cheese production, Treatment of wounds and lesions, Mining precious metals, Cleaning up human- created contamination

A
  • Microbes and Humans
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18
Q

o Manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms(GMOs)

A
  • Genetic engineering
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19
Q

o Uses microbes already present or introduced intentionally to restore stability or clean up toxic

A
  • Bioremediation
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20
Q

o Emerging and reemerging diseases
 COVID, AIDS, Hepatitis C, Zika virus, West Nile virus, Tuberculosis
o Associations between noninfectious diseases and microbe

A
  • Microbes and Disease
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20
Q
  • Reproduce rapidly
  • Can be grown in large populations in the laboratory
  • Cannot be seen directly
  • Analyzed through indirect means
  • Viewed through microscopes
A

Microorganisms

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20
Q
  • All living organism are composed of one or more cells
  • A Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
  • New cells are only made from pre-existing cells.
A

Principles of Cell Theory

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21
Q
  • Include plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae
A

Eukaryotes

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21
Q

o Have a nucleus where the genetic material of the cell is stored within a membrane, DNA is associated with histones
o Possess membrane-bound organelles that work together to help the cell function.
o Much more complex then prokaryotic cells.
o Can be just one cell or can make up more complex multi-cellular organisms.
o Include plants, animals, fungi, and protists
o divide by mitosis and meiosis

A

Traits of Eukaryotes

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22
Q
  • Include bacteria
  • Their genetic materials in not enclosed within a membrane
  • DNA is not associated with histones, they lack membrane-bound organelles
  • Cell walls are simplier
  • Usually divide by binary fission
A

Prokaryotes

22
Q

o Do not have a nucleus (genetic material is not stored in the nucleus)
o Have some organelles (structures), but not many.
o Less complicated that eukaryotes
o All bacteria are prokaryotes
o Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular

A
  • Traits of Eukaryotes
23
Q

Cell Structures (Prokaryotes)

A

Extracellular

23
Q
  • outer membrane (OM), the peptidoglycan cell wall, and the cytoplasmic or inner
    membrane (IM)
A

Envelope Structures

24
Q
  • Other name: Murein Sacculus
  • Principal component is Peptidoglycan
  • Functions/Purpose:
    o Provides rigid support
    o Provides shape to bacteria
    o Provides protection from osmotic damage
    o Important role in cell division
    o Site of action of beta-lactam antibiotics
25
Q

consists of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane, the rigid cell wall characteristic of most bacteria.

A

Peptidoglycan

26
Q
  • Composed of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) called Lipid A; which is responsible for it endotoxin activity; Inner core is a polysaccharide called O antigen which is unique for every species
A

Outer Membrane

26
Q
  • Thin layer/monolayered
  • Surrounded by an outer membrane
  • Produce endotoxins
  • Components
    o Outer Membrane
    o Lipoprotein
    o Periplasmic space
A

Gram negative

27
Q
  • Anchor the outer membrane to the peptidoglycan Layer; Stabilizes the outer membrane of the bacteria
A

o Lipoprotein

28
Q
  • A fluid-space between the outer membrane and the inner
    plasma membrane;
  • Contains enzymes for the breakdown of large non transportable molecules into transportable one and enzymes that serve to detoxify and inactivate antibodies
A

Periplasmic space

29
Q
  • Thick layer/multilayered
  • Components
    o Lipoteichoic acid
    o Teichoic acid
    o Polysaccharides
A

Gram Positive

29
Q

–attachment

A

Lipoteichoic acid

30
Q
  • attachment & surface antigen, act as attachment of the org to the host cells, illicit antibody response, tensile strength
A

Teichoic acid

31
Q
  • Include neutral sugars such as mannose, arabinose, rhamnose and glucosamine, Include some acidic sugars : glucuronic acid and mannuronic acid
A

Polysaccharides

32
Q
  • Composed of large amount of waxes known as mycolic acids (rich in lipid)
  • Makes cell wall hydrophobic in nature
  • Can’t stain using the reagents used in gram staining
A

Acid-fast Cell Wall

33
Q
  • Other name: Cytoplasmic Membrane; Plasma Membrane; Cell Sack
  • Located beneath the cell wall
  • It encloses the cytoplasm of cell
  • Selectively permeable that allows for transport of selective solutes
  • Like a “Skin” around the cell, separates content of cell from the outside
A

Cell Membrane

33
Q
  • Functions:
    o carries enzymes
    o involve in selective permeability, active transport of molecules in & out of the bacteria cell
    o For cell recognition
    o For adhesion & aggregation
A

Cell Membrane

34
Q
  • Pericellular matrix
  • Thick layer of material located outside cell wall.
  • Produced by cell membrane & secreted outside cell wall
  • Made of polysaccharide or polypeptide
  • Outermost covering of some bacteria
  • Slimy, gelatinous material
A

Glycocalyx

35
Q

Types of Glycocalyx

A

✓ Strongly Attached
✓ Loosely Attached

36
Q

− contains polysaccharides
− highly organized & firmly attached to the cell wall
− indicative of virulence or degree of pathogenicity
− Gelatinous; Firmly attached to cell wall
− Thwart innate defense system thus cause disease

37
Q

Serves as antiphagocytic function, survives longer in human body

38
Q

− Enable adherence
− Diffuse & Irregular
− Detached from cell but still surrounds cell
− not highly organized, not firmly attached to the cell wall
− enables bacteria to glide or slide along solid surfaces

A

➢ Slime Layer

39
Q
  • Aggregate of bacteria held together by a mucus like matrix of carbohydrate that adheres to a surface.
40
Q
  • Only in Gram Negative
  • FLUID filed space between outer membrane & cytoplasmic membrane
  • Has enzyme for breakdown of large mol. & transports protein for regulation of osmolality of cells
  • Detoxify, inactivate antibiotics
A

Periplasmic Space

41
Q
  • Pilus - Latin for ‘hair’
  • Rigid surface appendages; fine, short
  • Made of protein sub-unit “pilins”
  • Commonly in gram (-) organisms
A

Pili or Fimbriae

42
Q
  • enables bacteria to adhere or attach in surfaces
A

Common Pili

42
Q

– enables transfer of genetic material from one bacterial cell to
another (conjugation)

A

Sex Pillus

43
Q
  • Whip-like structures
  • Thread-like structure
  • Made of protein sub-unit “flagellin”
  • Project from the capsule
  • Organs for motility like propeller
  • Organelles of locomotion (cell movement)
A

Flagella (Plural)
Flagellum = singular

43
Q

Types of Flagella

A

✓ Monotrichus
✓ Lophotrichous
✓ Amphitrichous
✓ Peritrichous
✓ Atrichous

44
Q
  • single polar (Vibrio cholerae)
A

Monotrichus

45
Q
  • at both ends of the bacteria (Spirillum serpens)
A

Amphitrichous

45
Q
  • tuft at one end (Bartonella baciliformis)
A

Lophotrichous

46
Q
  • all around the bacillus (Escherichia coli)
A

Peritrichous

47
Q
  • without flagellum
48
Q
  • Other name: Endoflagella
  • Usually in spirochetes
  • Composed of bundles of “fibrils”
  • Arise from end of bacteria cell & spiral around
  • Moves the spirochetes in spiral, helical or inchworm manner
  • It wraps around the organism bet.
  • Layers of cell wall
  • Example: Treponema Pallidum (syphilis)
A

Axial Filaments

49
Q
  • Site of protein synthesis
  • Target site of some antibiotic
50
Q
  • No true nucleus
  • Does not contain NUCLEAR membrane.
  • Consist of gene material (DNA), w/c is single, circular or double stranded DNA
51
Q
  • For secretion of substance (chromosomes) by bacterium
  • For cell division - binary fission
52
Q
  • Found in certain bacteria
  • For storage of food & energy
  • Example: Metachromatic granules of Corynebacteium diphtheriae)
  • Genetic Material (DNA)
A

Granules or Inclusion Bodies

53
Q

– stored in the nucleoi and holds information a cell needs
to reproduce itself

A
  • Genetic Material (DNA)
54
Q
  • sturdy structures formed by some bacteria to survive in unfavorable conditions like high heat or freezing temperatures and drying process because of the dipicolinic acid
A

Endospores/Spores

55
Q

o process of spore production
o Occurs when the environmental conditions are detrimental to the bacteria

A

Sporulation

56
Q

o The process when environmental conditions become favorable, the endospores revert to their vegetative state

A

Germination

57
Q
  • Structure: Also cigar or spindle shaped, double membrane-bound, green
  • Function: site of photosynthesis
A

Chloroplast

58
Q
  • Structure membranous system of tunnels and sacs
  • Function: Rough-protein synthesis, Smooth- lipid synthesis
A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

58
Q
  • Structure - cigar- shaped, double membrane-bound organelle
  • Function - Energy transfer by ATP synthesis
A

Mitochondria

59
Q
  • Structure: also membranous, kind of like a stack of pancakes
  • Function: processing of lipids and proteins
A

Golgi Apparatus

60
Q
  • Structure: membrane bound sac containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • Function: digestion
61
Q
  • Jelly-like liquid that fills all the empty space in a cell.
  • Dense gelatinous solution within the cell membrane that is the primary site for the cell’s biochemical and synthetic processes.
  • Semi fluid, gelatinous nutrient matrix
  • Insoluble H2O
  • Storage of granules, including Ribosomes, Endoplasmic Reticulum

MICROPARA (12 decks)

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