INTRODUCTION TO MICROBIOLOGY Flashcards
- study of organisms that are so small that cannot be seen with the naked eye.
Microbiology
Greek word, “mikros” meaning ________; and “bio”
meaning _______
small
life
Logos/logia =
study of
– Latin germen = to explain disease causing cells that grew quickly
Bacteria or Germ
- can cause illness
Pathologic
- 3 major groups of animals: parasitic protozoa, parasitic helminths (worms), & arthropods
- Directly cause disease or act as vectors of pathogens
Parasitology
- Some of these microorganisms cause illness in human which are called “_____________”
pathogens
- Microbes encompass a vast array of organisms
- This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protists, protozoa and algae, collectively known as ‘microbes’.
- Their diversity and adaptability make them essential to ecosystems and human health.
MICROBIAL DIVERSITY
- This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protists, protozoa and algae, collectively known as ‘___________’.
microbes
- Study of bacteria
Bacteriology
Branches of microbiology can be classified into ______and ___________________.
pure AND applied sciences
- Organisms are thoroughly investigated.
Pure Microbiology
- Study of the immune system. It looks at the relationships between pathogens such as bacteria and viruses and their hosts.
Immunology
- Study of fungi, such as yeasts and molds
Mycology
– Study of parasites. Not all parasites are microorganisms. Protozoa and bacteria can be parasitic; the study of bacterial parasites is usually categorized as part of bacteriology.
Parasitology
- Study of algae; not medically important because it doesn’t cause much illness
Phycology
- Study of viruses
Virology
- The discovery of microorganisms revolutionized science. From _________________ first observations to ____________________, the history of microbiology is rich with milestones and breakthroughs.
Leeuwenhoek’s
Koch’s postulates
- 1665 - Micrographia
- Discovered cell
- Cell – basic unit of living organism
Robert Hooke (1635 – 1703)
- Father of Microbiology
- Father of Bacteriology
- Father of Protozoology
- Created the single-lens microscopes or simple microscopes in 1670
- Animalcules - tiny animals
Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632 – 1723)
- 1796: smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner (1749 – 1823)
- Developed the Germ Theory of Diseasein1800s
- Created pasteurization to eliminate wine spoilage-causing bacteria.
o Process in which liquids such as milk were heated to a temperature between 60 and 100’C - First vaccines for both rabies and anthrax
- Introduced the term “Aerobes and anaerobes”
- Alcoholic fermentation
Louis Pasteur (1822–1895)
metabolic process by which organic molecules (normally glucose are covered into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence oxygen
Alcoholic fermentation
- 1st link a specific m.o./ bacteria w/ specific disease, supporting the Germ theory
- Used microscope and saw Mycobacterium tuborculosis, anthrax, cholera
- 1876 - perfected the technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture 1882
- Father of culture media
Robert Koch (1843 – 1910)
- developed the Petri dish in which microbial cultures could be grown and manipulated.
- Assistant of Robert Koch
- Used gelatin
Richard J. Petri
- developed the use of agar as a solidifying agent for microbiological
Fanny Hesse
- known as the “savior of mothers”
- 1840: use of antiseptic procedures to prevent “childbirth” or puerperal fever (a serious and often fatal disease associated with infection contracted during delivery)
- Proposed the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions
Ignaz Philip Semmelweis (1818 – 1865)
- Introduced procedure known as antiseptic (against sepsis) surgery, and included handwashing, sterilizing instruments, and dressing wounds with carbolic acid (phenol).
o (Sepsis = The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.) - Started aseptic surgery
- Father of modern surgery/ Antiseptic surgery
Joseph Lister (1827 – 1912)
The condition resulting from the presence of pathogenic microbes or their products in blood or tissues.
Sepsis
- Magic bullet, and in around 1910 developed the first effective cure for a bacterial disease.
- The drug he discovered was salvarsan for syphilis.
Paul Ehrlich (1854 – 1915)
- 1928: Discovered antibiotic penicillin.
- Penicilin Notatum – From mold
- Antibiotic – can only heal bacteria not virus
Alexander Fleming (1881 – 1955)
- Father of antibiotic
Selman Abrahan Waksman (1888 – 1973)
- developed the Gram stain, a stain technique that could be used to separate two major groups of disease causing bacteria.
- A pioneering biologist who devised the system of classification which led to as many as 30,000 formally named species of bacteria
Hans Christian Gram (1853 – 1938)
- 1919: discovered the Bacterium Escherichia Coli
Theodor Escherich (1857 – 1911)
- Discovered highly resistant bacterial structure called ENDOSPORE, in the infusion of hay
- Demonstrated that dust did carry gems
- Created a process to destroy heat-resistant bacteria by eradicating bacteria
- Fractional sterilization (Steam at atmospheric pressure)
o Tyndallization – pinapainit for 3 days
o Intermittent sterilization
John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)
- Discovered the Causative agent of Gonorrhea, a strain of bacteria that was named in his honour (Neisseria gonorhoeae)
Albert Neisser (1855 – 1916)
- One the fathers of modern epidemiology
- Mapped cholera cases in the Soho area of London
- Makes him able to identify source of the disease in the area: Contaminates water from a public well pump
John Snow (1813 – 1858)
- 1983: Discover of Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)
Luc Montagnier
Microbiology:
Basic
Applied
Bacteriology
Phycology
Mycology
Virology
Parasitology
Protozoology
By Organism
Microbial metabolism
Microbial genetics
Microbial agriculture
By Process
Immunology
Epidemiology
Etiology
Disease-Related
Food & Beverage Tech
Pharmaceutical
Microbiology
Genetic Engineering
Industrial
Environmental
microbiology
Environmental-Related
Infection control
Chemotherapy
Disease-Related
- small single-celled organisms
- prokaryotic cells .outer surface (cell wall) ,composed mainly of “peptidoglycan”.
- Has RNA and DNA, do not have true nucleus, lack of mitochondria, smaller ribosomes
- Prokaryotic(has no nucleus)
- Cell wall with peptidoglycan (most)
- Unicellular
- Reproduces by binary fission (asexually)
- Circular Dna
- Some are photosynthetic (autotrophic), others are heterotrophic
Bacteria
can grow in the absence of oxygen
Anaerobic
requires oxygen for growth
Aerobic
can grow with or without oxygen
Facultative anaerobes
- acellular organisms they cannot replicate w/o host cell, considered obligate intracellular parasites. outer surface is viral capsid, composed of capsomeres.
- Obligate intracellular parasites
- DNA or RNA
- May be enveloped or naked
- A capsid (protein coat) is required
- Smallest of all pathogens
- replication within the host is necessary
- Composed of a core of nucleic acid, either with single–strand or double– strain RNA or DNA
Virus
- Eukoryotic cells with an outer surface that is composed mainly of “CHITIN”
- possess both RNA and DNA, w/true nucleus, mitochondria that function for ATP prod’n has a larger ribosomes
- Eukaryotic (has nucleus)
- Cell wall has chitin
- Heterotrophic
- Unicellular (yeast) or multicellular (molds and mushrooms)
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Linear DNA
- Can be single celled or very complex multicellular organisms
- Non-green, plantlike organisms
Fungi
– single-cell forms
- Yeasts
– filamentous forms
Molds
– diseases caused by fungi
Mycotic
– yeast like fungus that may infect a weakened host; it may be in the skin, oral/mouth, digestive tract, vaginal tract and lungs.
Candida
- representatives for parasites, unicellular organisms that divided by binary fission
- outer surface is flexible membrane called “PELLICLE”.
- Has both RNA and DNA
- Eukaryotic
- Usually lacks cell walls
- Usually heterotrophic
- Unicellular
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Moves by: Pseudopods, Flagella, Cilia
Protozoa
- Unicellular with a flexible cell wall
o Ex: Entamoeba histolytica (responsible for Amebiasis)
Amoeboid (Amebas/ Amoeba)
- Presence of numerous cilia to propel the organism.
o Ex: Balantidium coli (responsible for balantidiasis– chronic diarrhea)
Ciliates
– Posses flagella for locomotion and capturing prey.
o Ex: Trypanosoma brucei (responsible for African Trypanosomiasis or “sleeping sickness
Flagellates
o apicomplexans
o uninucleate and their body is covered by a pellicle;
o do not possess cilia or flagella
o Ex: Plasmodium malariae/ falciparum (responsible for malaria), Cryptosporidium parvum (leading causes of human cryptosporidiosis)
Sporozoa
- No cell wall
- Heterotrophic
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Have microscopic
- Helminths large, multicellular organisms
A. Flatworms
B. Acanthocephala
C. Roundworms
Multicellular Animal Parasites
– soft-bodied, flattened invertebrates.
o Ex: trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms)
Flatworms
– spiny- or thorny-headed worms.
o Ex: Moniliformis moniliformis (responsible for acanthocephaliasis)
Acanthocephala
- elongated, contain an intestinal system and a large body cavity.
o Ex: ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, enterobiasis
Roundworms
- eukaryotic organisms’ plant-like organisms.
- Outer surface consists of “cellulose”
- Eukaryotic
- Cell wall has cellulose
- Photosynthetic
- Unicellular or multicellular
- Can reproduce sexually or asexually
- Often contains pigments: green, red
- Group of oxygenic, phototrophic microbes which has a nucleus
- Can generate oxygen through photosynthesis
- Harmful algae produce toxins that may cause poisoning to humans when
consumed
Algae
- special type of virus that infects primarily bacteria
Bacteriophages
- Constitute a domain of single-celled organisms.
- Lack cell nuclei & are therefore prokaryotes.
- Initially classified as bacteria - named archaebacteria
- No pathogenic archaea have been identified
- Prokaryotic
- Cell wall peptidoglycan
- Unicellular
- Reproduces by binary fission
- Extremophiles: thermophiles, halophiles, methanogens (produce methane as a waste product)
Bacteriophages
